Acid Rain :: Free Essay Writer

The Effects of Acid Rain on Lakes and Trees Corrosive downpour has for some time been contended by society’s most impressive personalities. It in a roundabout way obliterates biological systems that encompass timberlands and lakes (Taylor, 26). Individuals need to decide managing the decimation of nature and the job corrosive downpour plays in it. Corrosive downpour pulverizes a large number of backwoods and lakes (Taylor, 26 ). Studies show that corrosive downpour is one of the biggest contributing components in the demise of woodlands and lakes. Corrosive downpour in a roundabout way slaughters a large number of sections of land of forestland every decade. In the 1960s, individuals found that corrosive downpour fall was unfortunate and harming to timberlands (Baines, 20). Corrosive downpour doesn't murder the trees legitimately. Corrosive downpour causes the tree to debilitate and harms it with harmful substances that are gradually discharged from the dirt (EPA). At the point when the trees debilitate from the corrosive, it makes some harder memories fending off enemies, for example, growths, illnesses, and ice so along these lines it kicks the bucket. Around the 1970s the corrosive downpour issue deteriorated, the corrosive downpour has put trees in harm's way and now they are beginning to cease to exist. The impacts of corrosive downpour on a tree is appeared if it has less foliage, yellow spots and creates numerous cones (Baines, 22). Besides, corrosive downpour harms the trees through the dirt by discharging metals that hurt them much further (Lucas, 72). Corrosive downpour causes the trees to lose their leaves, so when the trees attempt to regrow their leaves, buds come rather, this procedure is known as a frenzy shoot (M. 15). Enormous land zones which used to be secured with woods are currently gone, dead or kicking the bucket (Baines, 21). Around the 1980’s the greater part  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â Kotto 2 of the trees in Germany had indications of corrosive downpour harm (Edmonds, 14). Presently it is realized that corrosive downpour is one of the greatest contributing components in the passing and crumbling of nature.      Lakes bolster a large number of types of marine life, that’s why it’s a disgrace that they are continually being harmed by corrosive downpour. Researchers have examined the consequences for corrosive downpour in lakes for quite a few years (Lucas, 49). Researcher utilize their perceptions to decide if lakes are acidous or not. Individuals can tell if there is corrosive downpour in a lake if the water is perfect and completely clear, yet, with barely no life in it (Baines, 16).The corrosive downpour can enter the lakes by method of day off,

Permanent Pair Bonding Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Perpetual Pair Bonding - Research Paper Example 227). Pair-bonds can be characterized as long haul connection between two people that likewise incorporates a sexual relationship. This relationship is moderately suffering regardless of whether it is monogamous or polygamous. Different theories have surfaced in regards to the development of human pair-bonds, with some thinking of it as a result of the opposition of male mating while others thinking of it as fatherly provisioning’s adjustment. This paper investigates the development of changeless pair holding in people. Pair holding is one of the most crucial practices in people like it is in every other primate and warm blooded creatures. The significance of pair holding is optional likely just to such physiological needs as food and air. It is a characteristic conduct as a result of which it is ordinarily displayed by the two people and non-human living creatures, however in people, a wide scope of components impact humans’ observations about and slants in pair holding. Humans’ pair holding examples and practices are impressively unique in relation to those of different primates, people being better than them. In spite of the fact that the bond between a youngster and a mother in people is homologous with the bond seen in different primates just as well evolved creatures, yet the pair bond between a man and a lady and the pair bond between a man and a kid in people are not tantamount to any earthbound primate’s or mammals’ bonds (Immerman, 2003, p. 138). ... mother and a kid in people is like other earthly primates yet the bases of affiliative bond between a man and a lady or between a kid and a man is divergent among people and primates. The organic clarification of the advancement of pair-holding is clarified by the exploration on the monogamous rodents that has prompted the rise of a neurobiological model of arrangement of pair-bond (Young and Wang, 2004). The neuropeptides oxytocin and vasopressin assume a significant job in managing the meaningful gestures that help in singular acknowledgment. Prize learning and fortification is brought about by mesolimbic dopamine. During the way toward mating, dopamine receptors and neuropeptide get initiated simultaneously in the brain’s reward focuses which prompts the adapted inclination for accomplice in pair-holding. The distinctions saw in the inclination to create pair bonds across various species is clarified by the differential guideline of the statement of neuropeptide receptor. A significant point of view of the advancement of human blending is grounded in religion. This is the point of view accepted by a lion's share of individuals that have faith in God and commonly those that have a place with an Abrahamic religion. It is referenced in the strict sacred texts that God made Adam and Eve as a couple and the whole ages of people that have conceived since the time advanced from this first pair. For example, in Surah Al-Nisa, it is referenced, â€Å"O people! Be devout (cautious about your obligation) to your Lord, Who made you from a solitary self (soul), and from it He made its mate, and from them He has spread a huge number of men and women† (Al-Nisa 4:1 refered to in El-Najjar, 2007). This refrain uncovers about the initiation of existence with one soul from which, its mate was made. Over the entry of

SAT and ACT Planning Strategy Winter 2020

Winter break is the time to get serious about college admission testing. From here, your actions and attitudes—two variables you can control—will have the greatest impact on your testing outcomes. Every year, our most successful students are those who are organized and informed. They have mapped out a thoughtful, strategic, manageable, and appropriate course of action. They remain focused, resilient, and sensible. And they invariably conclude this process with highly satisfying results. Although sophomores have more time for planning, they will find it useful to draft a preliminary schedule and update it as circumstances change. Below are examples of pathways for the classes of 2021 and 2022. Your pathway may be different. Regardless, you can start by tackling these 4 important questions now: 1. Have you researched colleges’ testing requirements and policies? As you explore specific colleges, you must learn their admission policies. Even before finalizing a list of target schools, you should familiarize yourself with the range of testing-related policies that vary by college and that will impact your testing strategy. For starters, every college will accept the SAT and ACT interchangeably (although some don’t even require either in the first place). But that’s about the only consistency across the confusing range of college testing policies you’ll encounter as you delve further Subject Tests [Read Policies Here] Though only a handful of colleges still require Subject Tests in addition to the SAT or ACT, dozens more recommend or consider Subject Tests. A few will accept the ACT in lieu of the SAT/Subject Test combination, and some others will even accept Subject Tests in lieu of the SAT or ACT. If Subject Test colleges are in play for you, you should allocate a spring test date to complete those. May 2nd and June 6th are sensible options because year-long coursework will be nearly completed, and preparation for AP and/or final exams will begin. Subject Tests are offered only on dates that conflict with the SAT, so calendaring is an important exercise to begin now. SAT Essay/ACT Writing [Read Policies Here] Very few colleges still require the so-called â€Å"optional† essay that comes at the end of both the SAT and ACT. However, the presence of the UCs on that list drives many students decisions to take the essay. Another group of big and small colleges—like Chapman, Duke, Stony Brook University, and Stanford—â€Å"recommend† that you opt-in to the essay. While not required, it’s expected. The essay policy is one of many test-related issues that varies by college. Schools with similar testing policies are not necessarily otherwise similar, leaving students unsure how to proceed. We strongly urge all of our students to complete the essay; it will have no impact at colleges that don’t consider it, but failing to complete the essay will disqualify the entire test sitting at colleges that do require it. Even colleges that superscore—combining section scores from multiple test dates—typically don’t consider any part of a test result that does not include the essay. Score Choice and Superscoring [Read Policies Here] College Board and ACT have â€Å"Score Choice† policies that give students some control over how scores are reported, but colleges have the final word on what should be submitted and how those submitted scores get used. It would be great to know the score-reporting policy of every college you’re considering, but your list may not be formed yet. We therefore advise our students to craft a strategic testing plan that removes score choice. If you assume you’ll send all scores to all schools, you will more carefully consider the timing, frequency, and level of readiness for your official sittings. Although colleges can’t access your scores until you provide them, you’ll be expected to follow each college’s testing policies. Colleges routinely see 2 to 3 sets of scores of a given test from an individual applicant, so it’s perfectly reasonable (and in most cases smart) to re-testwithin reason. Taking an official test too early or too often is unwise and inefficient. If it’s mostly practice and diagnostic feedback you’re after, that can be accomplished conveniently via proctored practice testing. Compass provides options for proctored testing both in-person and online. Colleges that ask for all scores do so in part for the benefit of all applicants. A complete set of scores allows colleges to see what they want to see across a broader data set. Some admission offices, for example, will create superscores by combining highest section scores from multiple sittings. They don’t want a student to inadvertently neglect to send a high section score. A superscored set of test scores looks like this: Test Optional [Read Policies Here] Going test optional is a decision best made at the application stage rather than during the testing process. Your SAT, ACT, and Subject Test scores may or may not put you in a favorable light, but you won’t know that until after you have completed your testing. Despite the significant number of colleges that have gone test optional, students should not limit their choices before the application process even begins. Self-Reported Scores [View List Here] Among the many expenses that add up in the college admission process are application fees, test registration fees, and official score report fees. Many students are eligible to have these fees waived, but other students who don’t qualify for waivers may still find the costs to be a burden. A typical scenario might involve a student taking both the SAT and ACT once or twice, applying to 8–10 colleges, and spending a few hundred dollars simply to have official score reports sent to each college. Colleges in the list we maintain have stipulated that students may self-report their test scores in their applications and submit official scores only once students have accepted offers of admission. Test Scores for Target Colleges [See Score Ranges  Here] You may have a fully-formed list of colleges, or you may still be a year away from formulating a plan. In either case, knowing the typical scores of enrolled students can give you a better sense of what needs to be accomplished and how you might refine your target colleges. Keep in mind that at this point in the process, you likely have room to significantly improve your scores. Sophomores, in particular, are still building important academic and test-related skills. 2. Have you mapped out a strategic testing plan for the months ahead? With this contextual understanding, you are now poised to tailor an individualized testing plan that suits your schedule and serves your needs. Get out your calendar and familiarize yourself with the 2020 slate of official test dates below. Test DateTestRegistrationLate RegistrationMultiple Choice Scores Available February 8, 2020ACT January 10, 2020January 17, 2020February 25– April 3, 2020 March 14, 2020SATFebruary 14, 2020March 3, 2020March 27–April 2, 2020 April 4, 2020ACTFebruary 28, 2020March 13, 2020April 14–May 29, 2020 May 2, 2020SAT Subject TestsApril 3, 2020April 21, 2020May 15–21, 2020 June 6, 2020SAT Subject TestsMay 8, 2020May 27, 2020July 15, 2020 June 13, 2020ACTMay 8, 2020May 22, 2020June 23–August 7, 2020 July 18, 2020ACT (Not Offered in NY)June 19, 2020June 26, 2020July 28–August 31, 2020 August 29, 2020SAT Subject TestsJuly 29, 2020*August 13, 2020*September 22, 2020* September 12, 2020*ACTAugust 7, 2020*August 21, 2020*September 22–October 6, 2020* October 3, 2020SAT Subject TestsSeptember 3, 2020*September 20, 2020*October 16–22, 2020* October 24, 2020*ACTSeptember 20, 2020*October 4, 2020*November 3–November 17, 2020* November 7, 2020SAT Subject TestsOctober 7, 2020*October 25, 2020*November 20–26, 2020* December 5, 2020SAT Subject TestsNovember 5, 2020*November 23, 2020*December 18–24, 2020* December 12, 2020*ACTNovember 6, 2020*November 20, 2020*December 22, 2020– January 5, 2021* Dates marked with an asterisk (*) are anticipated and not yet official. Count the number of weeks (and conflicts) you have leading up to different test dates. Test date selection should be based on academic readiness, test preference, desired preparation timelines, date conflicts, and application deadlines. There’s no such thing as predictably â€Å"easier† or â€Å"harder† test dates. We generally advise our students to complete at least one SAT and/or ACT before the end of junior year and to remain open to at least one re-take in the early fall of senior year. The temptation to â€Å"get testing out of the way early† is understandable but often unwise. We often see peak results occur in late summer or fall of senior year as the combined forces of maturity, experience, and summer refresher prep give a difference-making lift. Nationally, roughly two-thirds of college applicants take their final admission test in the summer prior to senior year or in the early fall of 12th grade. In addition to at least one SAT and/or ACT in the spring, juniors are strongly urged to consider Subject Tests while the material is fresh. Students taking an AP, Honors, or advanced course in a given subject are especially good candidates for a corresponding Subject Test. Practice testing is available from Compass for students trying to choose among subjects. Choosing Between SAT and ACT [Read More Here] And although no college asks students to take both the SAT and ACT (or credits them per se for doing so), many students end up taking both. We prefer to see a student focus on one test, or at least one test at a time. A careful analysis of the PSAT and a practice ACT might yield a clear recommendation, or the decision to focus on one test or the other could be more of a judgment call. Preparing for one test for a few months prior to a scheduled test date is typically a sensible approach, and that preparation will pay at least some dividends on the other test if a student decides to switch gears or cover both bases in the future. This has become even more true since the overhaul of the SAT in 2016, resulting in an SAT and ACT that are more similar than ever before. The July ACT and August SAT dates are a big positive for juniors planning ongoing work over the summer. Finishing Strong this Summer By June, you’ll be a rising senior. Your three-year cumulative GPA will be set, and you’ll have a first set of test scores in hand. You’ll also likely have a more refined college list. It’ll be a time of reckoning. What more you should do from there will be self-evident. You may further refine or expand your list, and you may decide to test again in the summer or fall. The early ACT test dates of the season are July 13th and September 12th, and the first SAT dates are August 29th and October 3rd. All four dates are generally safe options for early decision/early action  deadlines, although the October SAT may be too late for the earliest deadlines. While some ED/EA deadlines still accommodate the late October ACT date and early November SAT date, scoring delays can create headaches. It’s best to reserve these later fall test dates for regular decision applications. 3. Have you created a College Board and/or ACT account and registered for upcoming tests? Some students make elaborate testing plans and then neglect the critical mechanics. Assuming you took the PSAT, you’ve most likely already set up a College Board account, which allows you to register for the SAT and Subject Tests, access your results, and submit scores to colleges next fall. A separate ACT account is required to manage your ACT testing. Registering early increases your chances of reserving a seat at your first-choice venue. Tests are not offered at every high school, so it’s likely you’ll need to travel to another school in your region. Make sure to opt-in for the essay during registration and take note of what’s required (and forbidden) on test day. If you require special testing accommodations, be sure to have those approvals in place. For more information on accommodations, see our most recent post on SAT and ACT accommodations. The testing organizations have crucial differences in their policies. You can find more registration details, including costs, on our â€Å"SAT and ACT Testing Dates† post. 4. Do you have a test preparation and practice test plan in place? Most of Compass’s students spend 3 to 4 months preparing for the SAT or ACT (and some then continue with 3 to 4 weeks of Subject Test preparation). Compressed programs can be accomplished, but they should never be the default choice. Juniors who are just starting now are likely targeting either the April ACT or the May SAT. For sophomores, spring months are an excellent time to plan a practice ACT. Combined with PSAT scores (or a practice SAT), the results provide early guidance for students looking to begin preparation over the summer. Each student typically meets in-home or online individually with his or her tutor once or twice a week for 90 minutes. The sessions are instructive, strategic, and interactive. As they clean up content gaps that are identified by diagnostic tests, our students also gain critical insight into subtle test traits and their own blind spot tendencies. Students develop control of the test, the clock, and their own testing habits. They grow to anticipate what’s coming next and maintain a rhythm and efficiency that allows them to focus on accuracy while finishing every section on time. Each week, our tutors also assign several homework sets, which provide necessary exposure to the content and important fodder for ongoing error analysis. And in the 3 to 4 months leading up to an official test date, our students complete a proctored practice exam about once a month. Unlike official exams, these practice tests are scored promptly, kept off-the-record, and provide completely transparent diagnostic analysis. But even without a Compass tutor, all students can successfully prepare for these high stakes exams by employing the same best practices. All good test preparation should involve a regular, persistent commitment to evaluated practice over a reasonable amount of time, exposure to authentic testing practice material, and a few dry runs on full-length exams. Both ACT and College Board offer free or low-cost access to excellent practice material. We’re happy to provide proctored practice tests and personal consultations for families at any stage of the college admission testing process. Our program directors are renowned by college counselors nationwide for their honesty, experience, professionalism, and warmth in the guidance they offer. Please feel free to contact us to see how we can help.

Scouting Out Racism By Harper Lee - 1487 Words

Scouting Out Racism Harper Lee s Pulitzer Prize-winning novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, has remained enormously popular since its publication in 1960. Recalling her experiences as a six-year-old from an adult perspective, Jean Louise Finch describes the circumstances involving her father, Atticus, and his legal defense of Tom Robinson, a local black man falsely accused of raping a white woman. In the three years surrounding the trial, Scout and her older brother, Jem, witness the unjust consequences of prejudice and hate while also witnessing the values of courage and integrity through Atticus’ example. Additionally, the film of To Kill a Mockingbird lacks many details that the book contains, however, they both share the same morals and portray the same basic storyline. Lee incorporates Scout and Jem’s visit to Calpurnia’s church to provide background information on the black community and to communicate her attitude toward the racial discrimination of African Americans and whites in the 1930’s. Additionally, Aunt Alexandra is a character foil of Atticus and therefore, Lee includes Aunt Alexandra to develop the character and of Atticus. The visit to Calpurnia’s church is included in the novel to visually demonstrate the black community and to display Lee’s ideas about the racial discrimination of African Americans and whites in the 1930’s. In the novel, Scout and Jem’s journey to the First Purchase M.E. Church is the first glimpse of the black community in Maycomb,Show MoreRelated Symbolism and Allegory in To Kill a Mockingbird Essay3753 Words   |  16 PagesSymbolism and Allegory in To Kill a Mockingbird Harper Lee uses symbolism extensively throughout To Kill a Mockingbird,, and much of it refers to the problems of racism in the South during the early twentieth century. Harper Lees effective use of racial symbolism and allegory can be seen by studying various examples from the book, namely the actions of the children, of the racist whites, and of Atticus Finch. One of the more effective allegories in the novel is the building of a snowman

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd ) - 960 Words

Abstract This paper will focus on what is commonly known as Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ADHD is a complex disorder that can affect people of any age, gender or ethnicity. This disorder impacts so many people that new studies are being done quite frequently. Because of this, it can be very difficult for mental health professionals to remain current with the most recent findings and know how best to respond to patient’s questions and apprehensions regarding the disorder and subsequent interventions. This paper will attempt to summarize significant findings from recent research regarding ADHD and its treatment. What is ADHD? The current definition of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been recently†¦show more content†¦2014). This large number may be because; more is being understood about ADHD than ever before. It is also because adults can now be diagnosed with ADHD as opposed to the prior belief that only children were at risk. It is becom ing easier to diagnose ADHD because of high public awareness of the disorder. More than ever before, parents and teachers are bringing young children to mental health professionals practically pre-diagnosed with ADHD. Because of this, it is extremely important for mental health professionals to take great care when diagnosing or prescribing medication to patients. Today, there is a growing number of concerns being generated by the public as well as some in the medical community regarding the validity of mental health professionals diagnosis of young children with ADHD. (Paris et al. 2015). There is also growing sentiment that many of the symptoms of ADHD are just normal adolescent behavior, thus many small children are being put on pharmaceuticals unnecessarily. There is also growing concern that the pharmaceutical treatment of ADHD creates other more serious complications for the patent than was previously suffered by living with ADHD in the first place. Causes of ADHD ADHD is one of the most studied psychiatric disorders. Even with all the attention given to ADHD, the exact cause of this disorder is still unknown. Because diving into what mental health professionals are studying as the cause

Homelessness and Permanent Supportive Housing free essay sample

Homelessness in the United States is an area of concern for social service providers, government officials, policy professionals, and humanity. Homelessness is something that happens to many people at some stage in their lives. Society has for many years accepted that it must find accommodations for people who become homeless however, we don’t often have nor provide those resources. A person will be considered homeless if they have no accommodation in their surrounding area or elsewhere. For many decades homelessness has been a social issue in America. Throughout the years the numbers have varied in homeless individuals and families however, between 2011-2012 homelessness has decreased about 0. 4%, that’s about 2,325 people! According to the ‘National Alliance to End Homelessness’ â€Å" At a point in time in January 2012, 633,782 people were experiencing homelessness. There was a decrease in all homeless subpopulations with the exceptions of persons in families. Ending homelessness depends on our partners who provide housing and complementary service programs, is a critical component of achieving the goal of preventing and ending homelessness. We will write a custom essay sample on Homelessness and Permanent Supportive Housing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is rare that a person would become homeless for one general reason; however, poverty is a very common situation among many people especially to those who have experienced homelessness. Whether the reason is situational, or generational falling below the poverty line makes a household very vulnerable to becoming homeless. Anyone can become homeless, and there could be many reasons behind their homelessness. The four main reasons for homelessness in America include, Economic, Housing Factors, Demographic and Household Factors. The National Alliance to End Homelessness states that, â€Å"Homelessness is essentially caused by the inability of households to pay for housing. In recognition of this, this report examines a variety of economic and housing indicators that affect people who are homeless or at risk of homelessness. And, A number of demographic groups have an increased risk of homelessness, including poor households who are living in doubled-up situations, single-person households, and family households with only one adult present. † Which proves that we’ve got an issue that needs to be addressed more appropriately! Instead of having homeless people on the side of the road asking for money, I believe that the government should have them working during the day to provide a place for them to eat, sleep, and live until they can get employment and provide a living for themselves and anyone else their responsible for. Individuals that are homeless because of drug use, prostitution, and other mental illnesses and personal issues should be supported through rehab programs, which would also require them to work for their housing until they can get back on their feet and get employment and provide for themselves. In conclusion as stated in the book The State of Homelessness in America 2013 â€Å"Scant decreases in the overall size of the homeless population and the rate of homelessness between 2011 and 2012 remind us that there is still a great deal of work to be done. However, the decreases in chronic and veteran homelessness indicate that, with federal, state, and local investment in strategies proven to end homelessness, progress can be made. The ongoing and increased development of permanent supportive housing, a proven solution to ending homelessness for people with disabilities, is bringing down chronic and veteran homelessness numbers in communities across the country. †

Society And Individuals Essays - Charles Cooley, Pragmatists, Self

Society And Individuals Society and individuals do not denote separable phenomena, but are simply collective and distributive aspects of the same thing. In this aspect of his theory Charles Horton Cooley states that the individual or person is actually a part of a larger individual called society. With that statement I will discuss Cooley`s theory and explain my reaction to the theory. Cooley states that a person`s self grows out of a person`s commerce with others. Well doesn`t that create a society? A person`s individual self put together with millions of others selves equals a society. So where does an image that society want, come from? One person? In my opinion most individuals are afraid to express their own opinion. Thus creating a free market on the opinion. One person comes up with the opinion and the rest of society, if they feel it is not harmful to themselves, goes along with the opinion. This creates separate subculture in society such as the punk subculture or the thug subculture. Because one person was willing to put spikes in his hair for an outrageous reaction, others followed to express them selves with out being an individual but being an individual society. In the thug subculture does in make you hard to wear clothes to big? If it does, than how do today's youth in middle class suburbia sport that style, they have never lived in the ghetto and experienced things like true thugs have. In this manner peoples individual selfs have come from whom they interact with. Supporting Cooleys theory. The only problem with this idea is that it leaves the idea of originality to be an outcast on society. Being different from every one is a call for prejudice, harassment, and being left out of societys in crowd. We should be able to see a person for their accomplishments and their abilities. Not if the are accepted by society. The theory it self is an outline for and how to make someone an outcast. If an individual comes a long and is living in society and doesnt worry about his appearance or materialistic things, is he/she an outcast. By Cooleys theory he/she is an out cast because in his theory he states The imagination of our appearance to the other person, the imagination of his judgement of that appearance, and some sort of self-feeling, such as pride or mortification. If this individual doesnt have or want to acknowledge those principals that means he has to be an outcast for not believing in what the rest of society believes in when in actuality society is the outcast for trying to be like every one else. Cooley also states that Ifwe say that society is an organism, we meanthat it is a complex of forms of processes each of which is living and growing by interaction with the others, the whole being so unified that what takes place in one part affects all the rest. It is a vast tissue of reciprocal activity. In this part of his theory he is trying to say that if we deny the chance for your individual to grow we deny our society to grow and vice versa. With this part of the theory I agree. A society is based on individuals. An example of this is teen pregnancy. If you got pregnant in the 1950s you were considered dirty and an outcast, but as it got more common in society people began to accept it more. Now if you get pregnant it is like oh well. In that aspect changing people and their values has changed society and their values. You cant change one with out changing the other. Now with that into consideration, to change society you would just have to change the individuals ideas, but they get their ideas from society. So how do you change society? Well Cooley said Our life is one human whole, and if we are to have any real knowledge of it we must see it as such. If we cut it up it dies in the process. In this part of the theory I think he is trying to say that dissecting to far into the relationship of an individual and society is just impossible. That while you are looking for the connection you will lose your connection with society, causing you to lose contact with yourself. Life is full of mystery and surprise, to find all the answers would just ruin life. There would be nothing else for you to

Behavioral Management for Early Childhood Pre-K essays

Behavioral Management for Early Childhood Pre-K essays There has been an alarming concern towards violence in the society. Whether it is in a developed or industrialized country, or if it is a society crippled by war, man is surrounded by different forms of violence. In the streets alone, a child may potentially witness death from gang encounters. Schools should have been a place where children can safely spend a majority of their time. However, even schools could not escape from the ill effects of violence and violent behavior from its students. In 1999, two high school seniors in a public school in Colorado had acted out a year long plan to kill hundreds of their peers: at the end of the day, they had killed twelve students, one teacher, and the two armed students had killed themselves. The Columbine massacre is one of the most disturbing acts of school violence done by children. At present, it has been the concern of parents, teachers, government officials and social workers to deter violence in schools. Violence in schools these past years has become rampant. In 2003 along, 5,570 children aged 10 to 24 years old were murdered (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2007). Thirty-three percent of high school students were reported to have been part of a physical fight in a year, while 17% carry a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club, within the past month. There has been an increasing trend of violent behavior being manifested by children. A kindergartner in Philadelphia was reported to have punched his pregnant teacher in the stomach. Some schools have had uncontrollable incidents of violence from primary school students that police had been asked to guard the schoolhouse door. These very young children have been reported to kick, bite, scratch and hit both classmates and teachers. In Philadelphia, 22 kindergartners had been suspended because of unruly, aggressive behavior, while 500 kindergartners had been suspended from Minneapolis schools over the past two years due to ag...

Barriers To Communication

Barriers To Communication For any kind of communication to be successful, it is essential that the receiver attributes the same meaning to the message as intended by the sender of the message. But all acts of communication are not perfect or successful. At times, some meaning is lost as the message encounters various barriers along its passage between the sender and the receiver. Such barriers may arise at any of the stages through which a message passes during the process of communication. This is also called miscommunication. Some of the common problems that lead to the failure of communication are: noise, cultural differences, complexity of subject matter, personal biases, semantic problems, socio-psychological barriers, filtering, information overload, poor retention, poor listening, goal conflicts, slanting, inferring, etc. Barriers to communication can be classified as follows on the basis of the stage of the communication process during which the problem/s arise: a. Sender-oriented barriers: lack of p lanning, lack of clarity about the purpose of communication, improper choice of words resulting in a badly encoded message, difference in perception, wrong choice of the channel, unjustified presumptions, etc. b. Receiver-oriented barriers: poor listening, lack of interest, difference in perception, biased attitude, etc. c. Channel-oriented barriers: noise, wrong selection of medium, technical defects in the address system or the medium of communication chosen by the sender, time and distance, etc. We may define communication as a psycho-semantic process. Therefore, the barriers that affect the effectiveness of communication are mostly of social-psychological-linguistic nature. These factors may act upon any or all of the elements of the process of communication, that is, the sender or the receiver or the channel. And a common barrier for both the sender and receiver can be the absence of a common frame of reference which often leads to the breakdown of communication in a specific s ituation. A common frame of reference is the context in which communication takes place. A well-defined context helps the sender and the receiver to comprehend the content of the message in a similar way, with regard to its implications and meaning. Many of the barriers listed above are easy to understand. But a few of them may require a detailed explanation. DIFFERENT TYPES OF BARRIERS The various barriers to communication can be classified into the following broad categories: 1) Semantic or language barriers, 2) Physical barriers, 3) Personal barriers, 4) Emotional or perceptional barriers, 5) Socio-psychological barriers, 6) Cultural barriers, and 7) Organizational barriers. SEMANTIC/LANGUAGE BARRIERS Semantics is the systematic study of the meaning of words. Thus, the semantic barriers are barriers related to language. Such barriers are problems that arise during the process of encoding and/or decoding the message into words and ideas respectively. Both the oral and the written communication are based on words/symbols which are ambiguous in nature. Words/ symbols may be used in several ways and may have several meanings. Unless the receiver knows the context, he may interpret the word/symbol according to his own level of understanding and may thus misinterpret the message. The most common semantic barriers are listed as under:

Reading Responses 11 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reading Responses 11 - Assignment Example Neighbours as well as strangers all came together to assist in donating blood and in whatever way possible. The military also responded fast in assisting the injured. The investigation for those responsible for the evil acts became put in place so as to bring them to law. The terrorist attacks of 9/11 will though become arched in the cultural life of Americans. The president through the speech appreciated members of congress who had also condemned the attack. The president mentioned the unity, and the partnership of America and its friends and allies in the struggle to ensure peace and security as well as condemning the terrorist attacks. The speech by President Bush following the 9/11 attacks evokes a few questions; will terrorism ever be brought to an end? How best can the government deal with the issue of terrorism as well as ensure the best possible protection to its people? Does terrorism bring the best of out of people, the unity, the care and the

Latino Narrative Film Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Latino Narrative Film - Research Paper Example Speaking about Latin cinema of that period, it is worth mentioning that common historical destiny of the all countries of the continent largely led to the commonality of the social problems that most of the Latin countries faced with. It also determined the interrelation and spiritual affinity, which found the expression in the cinematograph. In most general terms, the Latin cinema is closely connected with the national reality and national identity (Shaw, and Dennison 6). The current paper will consider and compare two examples of the Latino cinematography, Romero (1989) and Innocent Voices (2004), brightly representing the national idea and national values in the context of the civil war in El Salvador. Due to the different social statuses of the main heroes, these two stories appear to be different, but the common problem of national oppression makes them alike. The comparison of the films will be conducted with the enclosing of the historical context, short description, reasons a nd methods of imaging, the authors used in both movies. Before starting to analyze the movies and understand the relevance of the problems discussed in films, it worth considering the historical background. The suggested movies tell their stories that developed during the civil conflict in El Salvador in 1970’s – 1980’s. ... king measures of this, but was ensuring the interests of large landowners and foreign monopolies that naturally led to the roll of the public moods â€Å"to the left†, to communism. The electoral frauds during the 70’s and the violent suppressions of public demonstrations against resulted in the bitterness of national mind. In the 70’s the left powers of El Salvador were increasingly inclining to use the force, when democratic methods did not help. The main part of the activities of sabotage and â€Å"hit-and-run† attacks in the 70’s was carried by the several revolutionary leftist groups. In the leadership of these groups there was a constant discussion on the ways of combating: whether to use force or to agitate among people. The leader of the communist party, Salvador Cayetano Carpio, stood for the violent methods and the introduction of the Vietnamese tactics of the long struggle against the governing regime. In the early 70’s Carpio left the Communist party and created the Farabundo Marti Liberation People's Forces (FPL) (Manwaring, and Prisk 39). The energy of Catholic clergy and the creation of the nation-wide organizations such as trade unions and peasant federations led to broadening of the base of the left forces and the creation of the conditions to seize the power. A large number of converted to communism came from the universities. There was an external factor of the socialistic revolution in Cuba contributing to the strengthening of the tension on the governing regime. The latter in El Salvador was conservative and economically dropping behind. Moreover, most of its money means was received as a help from the United States (Murray 14). From the beginning of 1980’s there started an intensive integration of the â€Å"left† radicals. Already in 1980

I/O psychology :: essays research papers

-I/O psychology is the psychology applied to work -The behavior of an individual in the work place -Motivation to work and feelings about work Psychology- scientific study of the behavior of people -I/O is made up of two parts: 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Research methodology used to discover things about work 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Put them into work; apply -Three major sub fields: personnel, organizational and human factors/ergonomics 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Personnel Psychology – deals with the selection of personnel -Performance appraisal, job analysis (backbone of I/O psychology) -Training: understanding the job well enough to know who to hire and how well they are doing. -Job attitudes: whether or not the employees are satisfied and committed. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Organizational Psychology -Deals with leadership and work motivation -Divide into teams and see how the group affects individuals. 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Human Factors/ Ergonomics Psychology -Human Ergonomics- study of the work place fitting the human -studies the workplace and job designs, the safety and the usability of equipment. -Where do I/O psychologists work? -Academia (scientists) doing research and teaching -Production such as a teacher producing knowledge -Researchers publish projects in journals -Important to get research seen by the people who it would benefit. -Industry (practitioners) -Government is the largest employer -Office of personnel management is staffed with I/O psychologists to determine who to hire. -The military, consulting firms (go to clients) and in-house consultants are employers. -Salary: for PhD I/O psychologist $40-$50k a yr; Industry Master or PhD $35-65k a yr; PhD for higher level makes $50-$80k a yr. HISTORY 1900-1917 (about 10 I/O psychologists in the U.S.) -Topics of interest in psychology: 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Skill acquisition – how do people learn to be quick and efficient at their job 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Personnel selection- what might individual indifferences mean when it comes time to hiring people (interests). 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Important Job design – efficiency maximization (most frequently studied). Two parties studied this area early on: 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Frank and Lillian Gilberths -Wanted to find most efficiency with activity -Pioneered time and motion studies. -Called units of time â€Å"therbligs† (their last name backwards). 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fredrick Taylor -Focused more about productivity (showed how taking breaks is important) -Wrote Scientific Management. -Scientific management is the breaking down of jobs into smaller and smaller parts. -Bad results from small jobs: boredom, injury and fatigue -Good results from small jobs: increased productivity -At this time all psychologists were working in academic settings. WWI – 1929 (about 50 I/O psychologists working in the U.S.) -Two separate groups of psychologists approached the military. -Selection of officers using psychological intelligence tests (Alpha and Beta units). -Psychoanalysis of recruits. -Selection tests are not totally effective (only educated people show intelligence) -Minorities are hurt by the test (and uneducated people) -Two main groups formed: 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Scott Company: formed by Walter Dill Scott and focused on selection testing. I/O psychology :: essays research papers -I/O psychology is the psychology applied to work -The behavior of an individual in the work place -Motivation to work and feelings about work Psychology- scientific study of the behavior of people -I/O is made up of two parts: 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Research methodology used to discover things about work 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Put them into work; apply -Three major sub fields: personnel, organizational and human factors/ergonomics 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Personnel Psychology – deals with the selection of personnel -Performance appraisal, job analysis (backbone of I/O psychology) -Training: understanding the job well enough to know who to hire and how well they are doing. -Job attitudes: whether or not the employees are satisfied and committed. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Organizational Psychology -Deals with leadership and work motivation -Divide into teams and see how the group affects individuals. 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Human Factors/ Ergonomics Psychology -Human Ergonomics- study of the work place fitting the human -studies the workplace and job designs, the safety and the usability of equipment. -Where do I/O psychologists work? -Academia (scientists) doing research and teaching -Production such as a teacher producing knowledge -Researchers publish projects in journals -Important to get research seen by the people who it would benefit. -Industry (practitioners) -Government is the largest employer -Office of personnel management is staffed with I/O psychologists to determine who to hire. -The military, consulting firms (go to clients) and in-house consultants are employers. -Salary: for PhD I/O psychologist $40-$50k a yr; Industry Master or PhD $35-65k a yr; PhD for higher level makes $50-$80k a yr. HISTORY 1900-1917 (about 10 I/O psychologists in the U.S.) -Topics of interest in psychology: 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Skill acquisition – how do people learn to be quick and efficient at their job 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Personnel selection- what might individual indifferences mean when it comes time to hiring people (interests). 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Important Job design – efficiency maximization (most frequently studied). Two parties studied this area early on: 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Frank and Lillian Gilberths -Wanted to find most efficiency with activity -Pioneered time and motion studies. -Called units of time â€Å"therbligs† (their last name backwards). 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fredrick Taylor -Focused more about productivity (showed how taking breaks is important) -Wrote Scientific Management. -Scientific management is the breaking down of jobs into smaller and smaller parts. -Bad results from small jobs: boredom, injury and fatigue -Good results from small jobs: increased productivity -At this time all psychologists were working in academic settings. WWI – 1929 (about 50 I/O psychologists working in the U.S.) -Two separate groups of psychologists approached the military. -Selection of officers using psychological intelligence tests (Alpha and Beta units). -Psychoanalysis of recruits. -Selection tests are not totally effective (only educated people show intelligence) -Minorities are hurt by the test (and uneducated people) -Two main groups formed: 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Scott Company: formed by Walter Dill Scott and focused on selection testing.

Fulltec – Business Profile

PROFILE FULLTEC AG A Executive Summary Fulltec AG, Zug, Switzerland, was established in 1973 at Neuhausen am Rheinfall in Switzerland as a private limited company. The company has been taken over by Mr. Frank W. Bencsits in 2000 as the General Manager. He has been forming a fully new innovative R&D company for research and development of active natural substances for pest controlling (repellents as insecticides) since that time. Consequently the company’s activities mainly comprise R&D, but bio-insecticides and repellents are also produced and sold. Fulltec doesn’t sell its products under its own trademarks so far. The products are sold through thoroughly chosen international sales partners who resell under their own brand policies. As the results of intensive research, fully natural based active ingredients with highest activity and lowest toxicity were found in 2001. Fulltec is the patent holding company for these substances. Until 2005 most of the filed patents were granted in the EC and several overseas countries like USA, China, Hong Kong and Australia. In 2002 moved the company to its new modern site in Zug, Switzerland to expand and improve R&D and manufacturing. As these new natural based Active Substances don't have the broadly well-known negative characteristics shown by the common competitive synthetic products available on the market – above all regarding toxic effects – they will possibly completely change the way of pest control business in the near future. The inventions comprise different natural substances of two groups: Ingredients of the first group only repel and those of the second group kill and repel insects and acarides of all kinds. The main objective of Fulltec AG is to be a totally ecologically oriented company, developing and selling insecticide and repellent products containing exclusively natural based and lowtoxic active substances and ingredients. The Fulltec products are based on active ingredients obtained from natural sources by patented pure physical ways of extraction which the one group can effectively be used as Insect Repellent and the other group Insecticide. The production procedure of the active repelling ingredient consists of hydrating firstly under high pressure, followed by a vacuum and water steam treatment from natural oils and fruit acids; The insecticide actives are obtained by saturating of natural oils under comparable conditions. The range of possible applications is very wide, including but not limited to application on human, in the household, use for pets and other animals, as well as for plants. As a result, the available range of products is large and currently includes all possible methods of applications on pets, animals and human, e. g. Spray, Cream, Oil and Lotion as Insect Repellent, Lice Shampoo, Gel, Lotion and Cream, different variations for use against Dust Mites (prophylaxis and cure of Allergies! ) as well as Insecticides in all conceivable forms of application. In this regard Fulltec offers concentrates also, which have to be post processed by the customers as well as â€Å"ready for use formulations† of all products. The worldwide markets for Insect Repellents and Insecticides are enormous, in the size of Billions of Dollars. The Fulltec products have been and still are extensively tested, both inhouse and in-field as well as by independent laboratories, for both efficacy and tolerance. Existing patents and registrations are representing a barrier of entry to potential competitors. With the current trend very clearly pointing towards substitution of toxic products, the market potential for Fulltec must be considered excellent. Sales are and will be effected trough thoroughly selected business and sales partners with their own significant market presence in the respective fields and markets, which sell the products under their own brands and labels. Fulltec intends to continue with this strategy, as it allows a broader and faster international market penetration. Production currently is executed by selected and certified contractors. The production processes are explicitly specified and include st rict quality control. Current infrastructure allows significant production increases without additional costs/investment. Raw materials are available on the market at more than one manufacturer, with no significant dependence on a single source or market. Research & Development will concentrate on the further refining of existing products, on testing further possible applications for the existing products and research for new active ingredients and products. Fulltec AG is already a nicely profitable organization, but has not nearly reached its potential market appearance yet. All figures show that Fulltec only just started to penetrate some major markets, and will be able to show growth rates between 30 % and 60 % revenues each year for the whole planning period. Earnings are likely to grow even faster by a higher use of existing capacity. The further development of already served markets (with additional products and into additional retail channels) as well as the development of new geographical markets will be the main target of Fulltec AG business activities in the years to come. B – The Company Small Growth Company Profitable and financially sound Strong Growth Potential Discovered new natural Active Substances A Family of Products ready for the Markets Many Patents granted and pending Ready for substantial Market Penetration B. 1 History During the period of 2000 to 2002 extensive research was done by the R teams of Fulltec AG which led to the development of different new active ingredients with insecticide and repellent properties. Early in 2000 Fulltec AG changed its business focus from a purely trading agency to a patent holding company for products, applications and systems which cover insecticide and repellent properties – this means active ingredients and formulations including specific fields of applications. Repellents are used to repel insects, whereas insecticides have a lethal effect on such insects. Market introduction started in late 1999 with the launch of a former formulation of Repellent and a Household-Insecticide tested on the market by partially using new actives. Immediate success on the market has been achieved already with these temporary products due to the fact that a) the major shareholder and current Managing Director has great experience in the marketing of such products and therefore has extensive and valuable contacts in the industry, and b) the astonishing effectiveness of this natural product line. 2 B. 2 Current Situation The Present Board of Directors of the Fulltec Company consists of the following members: Urs O. Kraft (Chairman of the Board) Frank W. Bencsits Trustee and Tax Expert Managing Director Presently Fulltec AG has no permanent employees. So there are no liabilities in dispatches or payrolls. The business location of Fulltec is Zug, Switzerland (45-km outside Zurich). Research & Development is done in the specialized chemical and entomological laboratories in Austria. Production is carried out by beholden contractors under full control of Fulltec. B. 3 Strengths and Weaknesses The following mentioned strengths and weaknesses give an overview on the current situation of Fulltec. They will be elaborated on in more detail though in the following chapters. Strengths: Fulltec owns the one and only registration of Anti-Lice products as a Medical Device according Directive 93/42/EEC in the world. High Products Efficacy of the Repellents even under Hard Circumstances (Sweating, Swimming) All Products on Natural Basis Nigligible Toxicity to Humans, Animals and Plants Repellent has Passed the OECD Skin Absorption Test Repellent Capable of Avoiding Severe Diseases like Malaria, the West Nile Virus and the Tick-born diseases Encephalitis, Tularemie (Francisella tularensis), RockyMountains-Fever (Rickettsia richettsii), Theileriose (Tehileria spec. ) and LymeBorreliosis. Products provide high Added Value in Terms of Profit and Prestige to the Distributor High Market Share in Germany, Denmark, Sweden and Hungary French Partner with Best Connections to all French Influenced Countries Rocketed in 2005 in these Well Known Difficult Accessible Markets Attractive Industry Availability of Raw Materials from Various Sources Production at Low Costs, Little Manpower and in Production Units of Small Sizes High Flexibility in Organization, Production and Sales – no Long Term Treaties Competent Management and R Teams High Liquidity High Profitability Strong Financial Base – – Challenges: Still small Market Presence in USA, NAFTA, Asia and Southern Europe 3 – Market Penetration in far countries, like China, Japan, Australia and Hong Kong just started B. 4 Goals / Future Developments Fulltec, with its development of new technologies has an important impact in the industry. The company already gained recognition and a considerable world m arket share of 10 % for Household Insecticides and Repellents. A concentration on the most attractive markets with the best relative competitive situations will allow Fulltec to achieve strong further internal growth. Prime products will be the Repellent line and the Medical Device series of Anti-Lice products for human use, a line of Household-Insecticides and Pet Care products, and a newly developed product for use against Dust Mites. Annual growth rates in the range of 30 % to 60 % for revenues will be attainable under the current economical circumstances. Fulltec AG with its innovative technologies therefore appears as an attractive future partner for potential co-operations, joint ventures, etc. Strategically using such co-operations already allowed Fulltec to achieve market leadership in individual market segments, as the market leadership in sales of repellents in European Community Pharmacies. C Products / Technology Insect Repellents / Insecticides Broad Range of Use (Humans, Household, Indoor Plants, Gardens, Several Branches of Industry, Pets, Animals, Plants) Active Ingredients of Natural and Non-Toxic Base Significant Added Value for the Customer – C. 1 Product Description C. 1. 1 Active Ingredients / Substances Repellents The active repelling ingredients are produced under physical conditions only, e. g. by hydrating under high pressure, followed by several vacuum and water steam purifying processes of different natural oils and / or their natural grown main ingredients. They also could be obtained from semi-synthetically substitutes and fruit acids in the way of patented manufacturing procedures. The active substances used in all repellent products possess the same chemical characteristics independently of their target application on the human or animal skin. Only different concentrations and varying contents of actives and their special synergists are dependent on special requirements of various targets, regardless whether used in the form of sprays, creams, oils or lotions. C. 1. 2 Repelling Effect Pests are in a position to recognize suitable quarry as a result of the presence of so called â€Å"bio receptors†. These are for example (body-) temperature, humidity, CO2-content and certain chemical substances produced in small quantities by mammal skin metabolism processes, such as ammonia, butyric acid and urea. Conventional repellents cover up such bio receptors with a more or less effective aura. Therefore they are extremely limited in 4 their efficacy, as this aura of gas becomes rapidly perforated by friction from clothing, sweat and other external influences, which then leaves an open target for attack by pests. Patented Active of Fulltec products on the other hand finely covers the whole treated skin surface and influences and eliminates the bio-receptors by various mechanisms. These continuous reactions between Receptors and Active make the quarry invisible for the attacker (camouflage effect). This process continues until the Active is entirely exhausted (around 8-hours). As the active ingredient is water resistant, it keeps the full efficacy even during periods of sweating and short periods of swimming. In contrast to most competing products, especially to natural based products, efficacy remains at a very high level for well over eight hours. In contrast to DEET, the most widely used substance in traditional repellents, the skin tolerance of Fulltec's substance is excellent. Fulltec repellent has passed as only substance of its class the very rigorous measures of the well known OECD skin absorption test! The Fulltec products are negligible toxic for human beings and animals. C. 1. 2. 1 Active Ingredients / Substances Insecticides The active insecticide ingredients are obtained by saturation under high pressure, vacuum procedures and partially water steam amidizing from natural oils and plant extracts by a patented manufacturing procedure. Concentrations in different formulations are varying according to the use. C. 1. 2. 2 Insecticide Effect Fulltec Insecticide Actives coat the target insects and acarinas with a fine, oily film. The active substances penetrate through the respiratory openings and block them so that the insect dies within a very short time. In addition, a pronounced water displacement results in the quick and complete desiccation of the pest. Fulltec Insecticides are the one and only products in the sector of insecticide Actives with exclusively physical efficacy. Fulltec Insecticide Actives do not enable resistance build-up because of this natural and physical and completely new system of efficacy. Especially efficacy is not achieved by a nerve poisonous effect how it is the case for most traditional insecticides such as carbamates, phosphoorganics and pyrethrines, which always have more or less severe effects on humans and animals. The effects of Fulltec insecticides only occur in cold-blooded species, such as insects, spiders and mites (ticks). The substances have no negative toxicological effects on the warm-blooded humans and pets. Moreover the solely physical mechanism makes the buildup of resistances of any kind impossible. C. 1. 3. Toxicological Summary Acute oral toxicity : LD50 – > 10g/kg rat Acute dermal toxicity : LD50 – > 10g/kg rabbit Inhalational toxicity : no results, inhalation non poisonous Primary skin irritation : none irritating in patch test on rabbits and humans Mucous membranes tolerance: only slightly irritating in pure concentration Biological degradability : >90% BSB28/CSB according to the modified OECD screening test Fish toxicity : LC50 – > 100mg product/liter Bacterial toxicity : EC50 – > 100mg product/liter C. 2 Products 5 The product lines, due to the substance's unspecific effect on all kinds of insects, cover a very broad range of applications for the benefit of humans, animals, and plants. All products are based on Fulltec? s Active Substances, though in varying concentrations and with different additives to achieve specific requirements of different applications. Moreover further future applications are possible, as tests continue to reveal good results in previously uncovered areas. In addition, the formulas allow various ombinations, so that the products range can include gels, creams, oils, lotions, sprays, additives to cleaning and impregnation products, shampoos, spot-on-products, collars, bracelets and aerosols. The following tables list examples of available products. C. 2. 1 Products for human and environmental use Range of Use – Men – Women – Children Product Mosquito Protector Tick Protector Wasp Protector Horsefly Protector Repellent Bracelets Anti-L ice Shampoo Anti-Lice Lotion Anti-Lice Gel Anti-Lice Spray Lice-Repellent Spray Lice Repellent Gel Insect Killer Insect – Mosquitoes – Ticks – Wasps, Hornets – Horseflies Type Repellent – Men – Women – Children – Mosqitoes, Ticks – Headlice – Crablice Medical device – Clothlice acc. Directive – Nits 93/42/EEC – House Mite Stop – Washing Machine Anti-Lice Detergent – Business premises Roach Killer – Kitchen – Basement – Gels Insect Stop Spider Stop – Flies, Mosquitoes Insecticide – Wasps, Ants – Mites – Cloth Moths – Food Moths – Fleas, Lice – Dust Mites – Lice and Nits – Cockroaches – Cockroaches – Ants – House Crickets – Spiders – Woodlice – Ants – Cockroaches – Silverfish Insecticide Repellent & Insecticide C. 2. 2 Products for Pets and Animals 6 Range of Use Pets – Domestic animals Product Insect – Fleas – Biting flies – Lice and Nits – Mosquitoes – Ticks – Mites – Fleas, Ticks â €“ Mites, Lice – Horse Flies – Lice – Flies – Flees – Ticks – Other pests and nuisances Type Repellent & Insecticide Horsefly, Sandfly, Mosquito and Tick Protector Collars X-Line and Protect Line Spot on products – Dogs, Cats Liquid Sprays – Small farm animals Spot On – Horses Liquid Sprays – Cattle – Sheep – Other Domestic Animals Repellent & Insecticides C. 2. 3 Products for Plants & Garden Range of Use General Use Product Ant Stop Termite Stop Bug Stop Flowerspray Insect Ants – Termites – Beetles – Nematopodes – Mites – Aphids – White Flies – Red Spider Mites – Caterpillars – Ants – Fruit Flies – Caterpillars – Other Insects Type Insecticide Flowers Insecticide Trees Tree Protection Repellent & Insecticide C. 3 Independent Tests and Studies General: Various independent Institutes (1) conducted numerous extensiv e studies and tests on the individual Fulltec Products. Subjects of those were first of all the efficacy under test conditions and in practical use, secondly the tolerance (Toxicology) for humans as well as animals, and thirdly the ecological behavior (biological decomposition). As the insecticide effect is solely physical and not based on a nerve poison, there can't be any buildup of resistance. Regarding the Insecticide Products, the broad range of efficacy on various kinds of insects was demonstrated in the lab as well as in practical use. Furthermore the biological decomposition was demonstrated to be excellent. On the product Roach Killer efficacy against cockroaches was demonstrated. Regarding the Repellent Products – besides efficacy and toxicology – skin tolerance were main subjects of the extensive tests conducted. All tests showed excellent results. In addition, separate studies compared the efficacy in practical use (field tests). All tests revealed superior efficacy of Fulltec's Repellents compared to competitive products 7 including the market leaders Autan (Active: Bayrepel) and OFF (Active: DEET; both products by SC Johnson). On comparable conditions, the repelling effect of Fulltec's Repellents was shown to last longer. Worth to mention explicitly is the fact that Fulltec's Repellents are the only products available on the market yet to pass the rigorous requirements of the well known OECD Skin Absorption Test. 1) LHS Institut fur Hygieneforschung und Schadlingsbekampfung in Labor und Praxis, Miesenbachgasse 7, 2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria PRAEVMEDIC, Carmenstrasse 8a, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland Swiss Tropical Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland BioGents GmbH, Universitatsstra? e 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany IS Insect Services GmbH, Dr. Hans Dautel, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163 Berlin, Germany T. E. C. Insec ticides testing, 7 bis rue pont de l'aveugle, 64600 Anglet, France Hopital Avicennes, Professeur Azreki Izri, Laboratoire de Parasitologie, 125 rue de Stalingrad, 93009 Bobigny, France Complete detailed List of Test Reports see Annex I C. 4 Customer Benefits In the following graph, the characteristics of the Fulltec's substances are compared to those of DEET, Bayrepel and essential oils in Repellents. C. 4. 1 Comparison: Customer Benefit Repellents Active Ingredients Insect Repellents Fulltec DEET Bayrepel ++ + ++ + + + + ++ -+ ++ -0 0 0 + ++ ++ ++ + Essential Oils —+* + 0 ++*1 – 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 * = in low concentration, higher concentrations are irritant *1= banned after 01. 09. 2006 acc Directive 98/8/EEC Explanations: Comparing Fulltec's repellent against DEET, BAYREPEL containing products and essential oil: ++ = very good + = good 0 = reasonable -= could be better = unacceptable Comments: 8 1 – Long Term Effect: Contrary to the essential oils, Repellents from Fulltec show a high repelling effect for over 8 hours. DEET and Bayrepel also have proven to be effective under laboratory conditions whereas the effectiveness depended highly on the amount of active ingredient (high doses of > 30 %+ are effective like Fulltec’s Actives. Lower concentrations have poorer efficacy). 2 – Broadband Efficacy: Fulltec’s Repellents show the best broadband repelling efficacy against a wide range of nuisances, including multiple species of mosquitoes, ticks, wasps, horseflies, biting flies, black flies and mites. Products containing DEET at higher concentrations (> 30 %) are also effective widely. Bayrepel is only available in concentrations 10 and 20 % and exhibits just short protection times so that reapplications every 2 to 3 hours are necessary to get a safe level of protection. Essential oils are unsuitable because of practically non-existing protection time and broadband efficacy. 3 – Water/Sweating Resistance: Compared to the other substances, Fulltec’s products are more water resistant. As they are deactivated neither by sweating nor under water contact (e. g. short swimming) they keep their effectiveness also during sports. 4 – Skin Care: The substances used by Fulltec show significantly more skin care qualities than the competition. They only contain highly skin tolerant and even skin caring base- and active ingredients. Therefore the products are not only highly effective repellents, but also high quality cosmetic products. The plant oils and their skin caring derivates give the skin energy and vitality, whereas natural Vitamin E fights potential inflammations. Evenly applied, the product maintains the skin's natural moisture, and makes it soft and elastic. 4 – Skin Tolerance: Traditional, effective Repellents all contain high levels of skin irritating and partially highly toxic substances. Contrary, Fulltec products have never caused eczema or allergic reactions so far. Essential oils in higher concentrations cause skin and mucous membrane irritations. Furthermore they can solve plastics and synthetic textiles, which is a problem of DEET products, too. Bayrepel seems to have second best Skin Tolerance but examinations of its toxicological properties are not finalized yet. 5 – Ecological Tolerance: Fulltec products are natural non-poisonous products with a high ecological tolerance. Essential oils, above all technical qualities of Rosemary and Citronella exhibit toxic effects on soil bacterias and show only poor ecological tolerance. DEET on the other hand is an ecotoxic substance. Bayrepel seams to have only slightly ecotoxic potential. 6 – Price: The Fulltec product’s prices are usually conforming competitors and markets policies. Fulltec’s low standing expenses allows following all prerequisites of different markets and competitors pricing. 7- Availability: Bayrepel (Autan) definitely has the best availability in all retail channels today. Being the No. 1 in Central European pharmacies Fulltec? s Repellents reached a high level of availability. Furthermore they are able to substitute all Natural Actives based competitive products which will be banned after 01. 09. 2006 (deadline of Directive 98/8/EEC). These other Natural products mainly are sold through drug stores, but constantly decreasing customer acceptance and demand will lead to only a narrower availability in the future in countries outside of the EC as well in NAFTA under further restrictions by the EPA and the Canadian PESTICIDE REGISTRATION and EVALUATION COMMITTEE. 8 – User friendliness: All products are user friendly in the sense of easy application. However DEET is aggressive against several materials like plastics, is toxic and causes skin and mucous membrane irritations. This is also valid for several essential oils. Bayrepel seems to be more safe and gentle but is restricted for application on children below an age of 2 years. Only Fulltec Repellents fulfilled requirements of the OECD skin absorption test and can be used safe under observance of the recommended directions for use. In summary, the Fulltec products clearly offer the highest customer. The Fulltec products are highly effective against insects comparable to high concentrated DEET. In contrast to DEET, Fulltec products are based on natural ingredients and show excellent skin tolerance 9 and skin care qualities. In comparison essential oils repellents are of natural base, too but they show a low efficacy in terms of repelling insects over a longer period of time. Moreover a lot of them cause skin and mucous membrane irritations and possess photosensitizing potential. C. 4. 1 Protection against Competition The products are adequately protected by granted or pending patents). Fulltec AG owns the patents protecting the repelling as well as the lethal features of the active substances. In addition, the isolated declaration of ingredients according UPAC or INCI usually does not allow gaining knowledge on the exact composition and special nature of the Actives. Fulltec’s exclusive knowledge of the patented manufacturing process of Actives guarantees imitation protection of Fulltec Repellants and Insecticides by competitors. D Markets Very attractive market (extremely high market volume, high growth) Fulltec shows all pre-requisites to be successful Market is already accepting the Fulltec Products Consumer Trend clearly going towards Natural Products Barriers of entry already overcome D. 1 Market Overview D. 1. 1 Description / Characteristics If only for its enormous size, the market for Insect Repellents and Insecticides should be considered extremely attractive. Despite the big established competitors dominating the market, there are various attractive niche markets available to innovative companies. Fulltec, with its range of nature products falls into such a niche. The currently most widely used ingredients in competitive products are DEET (in repellents) and Pyrethroids (in insecticides). All those substances are being increasingly questioned and therefore avoided by many consumers and more and more even by governments and appropriate authorities. It can be expected that those products with questionable active ingredients will have to be substituted more and more by natural products. This opens up an extremely high potential for Fulltec to firmly establish itself in this market. As the products meet a high consumer acceptance already today, a bigger market penetration can be safely foreseen. D. 1. 2 Market Segments The segmentation of the market shows the following criteria: †¢ †¢ Range of use: Humans and Environment / Pets / Animals / Plants Type of use: Repellent (to repel insects) / Insecticide (to kill insects) Region: Switzerland / European Community / USA / Canada /Australia †¢ To identify the estimated total market volume, the various market segments were analyzed at first (Supplements: Estimated Market Volume). Starting points were market studies of IHA GfM for Switzerland and GFK for Germany. In addition, the relevant market segments for Fulltec in terms of distribution channels, competition, prices and margins were analyzed. On the basis of market data of the specialized trade (pharmacies, etc. ), the total market volume for Switzerland and Germany was estimated. In order to calculate total 10 world market volume, Switzerland's and Germany? s per capita consumption was taken as a base. However adaptations to in some instances different distribution channels, price levels, usages, etc. were made. D. 1. 3 Client Structure To distribute its products, Fulltec currently uses the following channels: †¢ †¢ Specialized Trade (Pharmacies, Drug Stores), and more sparely in Retail Chains and Stores However it is a set goal to penetrate all segments of distribution. In Switzerland for example, the specialized trade segment could be covered by big players in pharmaceuticals and special chemicals (for Repellents), and the retail chains and stores by international players (for Insecticides). Moreover, Fulltec currently is in negotiation with various Multinational Companies. D. 1. 4 Factors for Success In the Insect Repellent and Insecticides markets, the most important factors for success are definitely the efficacy of the products and the presence at the â€Å"point of sale†, i. . the easy availability for the consumer. Moreover the tolerance of the products for human and environment is of increasing importance. In addition, an increasing sensibility against synthetic, toxic substances is recognized, as more health consciousness of people leads to preference of natural products. The Fulltec products are both, highly efficient and ecologically well tolerated. In order to imp rove easy availability for the consumers, Fulltec decided to collaborate exclusively with established distribution partners. It is possible to achieve a high market presence in short time with this strategy. Fulltec products perfectly meet the factors of success, which allows the continuation of the quick market penetration by Fulltec products. D. 2 Market Position Current Situation Currently, the strongest market position held by the Fulltec products is repellents, a highly attractive market segment. The second position in terms of market penetration as well as attractiveness of the market segment is held by the natural insecticides, especially the market segment Pet Protection. All remaining product groups (Repellents and Insecticides in all their broadness) are positioned in relatively highly attractive market segments, but have not reached significant market penetration so far. Future Situation Longer term, Fulltec expects to achieve fairly dominant market positions in the following segments: Insect Repellents, Anti-Lice product line, Household Insecticides, Pet Protection and Mite Stop, which at the same time are the most attractive product groups and market segments. Less dominant, but nevertheless sizeable market positions are expected to be attainable in the egments Agricultural Insecticides and Garden Products. Repellent 11 At least for the next one or two years, Repellent products are expected to continue contributing the largest share to total revenues among all product groups, as the total world market for such products is huge and extremely attractive. Furthermore, Fulltec? s natural and non-toxic products today are already well accepted in Europ e and USA. It is assumed that over time, natural products will increasingly challenge the established toxic products, gaining in market share also due to legislation changing towards more restrictive forms. Anti-Lice Products Market penetration of these products is on the best way to get No. 2 in Europe and No. 1 in Medicine Devices in EC. It is expected to significantly increase its share, as being of natural base and pure physical efficacy often is the decisive factor for being chosen by consumers. Efficacy of the product is excellent, and it is being very well tolerated. Pharmaceutical trading (Drug stores and Pharmacies) will be the preferred sales channel, thereby guaranteeing high margins and profits. Pet Products By nature, the market for pet products is very attractive and competition is very high. As Fulltec will concentrate its efforts on those markets, which offer the best relative competitive position, pet products will not be at the forefront of marketing efforts at the moment. A potential cooperation with one or more established companies in this field however could change this assessment rapidly. Natural Insecticides Due to ever increasing requirements in terms of ecological tolerance and to the extensive restrictions of Directive 98/8/EEC according Biocides, natural insecticides should gain significant market share over the coming years. This product group therefore is expected to contribute markedly to total revenue growth. Mite Stop Taking into account the steady increase of Dust Mite Allergies, this segment is clearly a market of the future. Dust mite allergies come from a saturation of the air with dust and excrement particles. A Fulltec product to exterminate dust mites is already fully developed and successfully introduced into Central European markets. It is applied by spraying into air and on mite-infested surfaces. The dust particles become saturated with Mite Stop and drop to the floor, which already brings about a cleaning of the air. The fallen down particles start to act as insecticide against the dust mites population. The circle of the extermination of dust mites therefore is closed. A relatively quick market introduction is possible, as a registration as Anti-Allergicum can be avoided if the product is advertised and sold as primarily an Air Cleaner. All other currently available products on the market are still based on toxic Pyrethroids, which puts the Fulltec product into an advantageous position. Alternative methods used are various medications, which however combat the symptoms rather than the cause of the problem. Furthermore, as such drugs are high margin products, the Fulltec alternative can also be expected to sell at premium prices with high margins. D. 3 Market Assessment The following points peak in further increasing market penetration by the products of Fulltec: 1. Acceptance of the Fulltec Products 12 On the markets already served, the Fulltec products generally achieve a high market acceptance. 2. Barriers of Entry The barriers of entry to new contenders are quite high. Fulltec has already overcome them as the products lready have been tested in terms of efficacy and tolerance, and as patents and registrations processes have already been initiated. 3. Trends A major trend within today's society points towards substitution of toxic substances by natural ones. Accordingly, the market potential for Fulltec's natural and non toxic products can safely be considered very excellent. E Competition Competition in Repellents mostly DEET and Bayrepel based Competition in Insecticides mostly Pyr ethroid, Carbamates and Organophosphonics based Significant competitive advantage for Fulltec Fulltec is ready for competitive strategies E. 1 Competitive Products E. 1. 1 Repellents In competing repellents worldwide, almost universally the substance DEET (N,N-Diethyl-mtoluamide) is used. This specifically effective Insect Repellent is toxic and has a strong irritating effect on eyes and mucous membranes. Some children have shown a harming of nerves and, due to inhaling DEET, cases of death have been reported (Tenenbein, M. JAMA, J. Am. Medical Assoc, 1987, 258). In competing repellents in Europe, almost the substances Icaridin (Bayrepel) and IR3535 are used. Alternative repellents such as essential oils show a rather low efficacy and can cause allergic reactions. E. 1. 2 Insecticides A multitude of active ingredients is used by competing insecticides products. Most of them are nerve poisons. A lot of the formerly highly praised substances (DDT, Dieldrin, Lindan) are banned today in many industrialized countries because of their toxicity. Alternatively, Pyrethroids are used very widely today (about 50-75% market share). Pyrethroids are synthetic insecticides. Although the toxicity of this insect specific biocide is markedly lower for mammals, it is still a factor of up to 100-times higher compared to the Fulltec Insecticides. In addition, Pyrethroids show a considerably higher fish toxicity. Other natural insecticides currently show a clearly lower efficacy compared to both, the synthetic insecticides and the Fulltec products. E. 1. 3 Most Important Competitors The following table gives an overview on Fulltec's most important competitors and their products. In the Supplements section, there is a table listing the most important companies within the various market segments in Switzerland with their market shares. 13 Competitors and Competing Products Company Bayer SC Johnson 3M Corp. Reckitt & Coleman Shell Vogt AVON Description Multinational Chemical Co. Multinational Chemical Co. Multinational Chemical Co. Multinational Chemical Co. Multinational Chemical Co. Small Specialty Co. Intl. Cosmetics Co. Geographic al Presence International International International International International Switzerland USA and Intl. Market Position Market Leader worldwide Marked Leader USA No. 2 USA No. 3 worldwide No. 1 in Market Segments Leader Repellents CH No. 1 Mail-order USA Company Bayer SC Johnson Insecticide Baygon Raid Substance pyrethroids pyrethroids Repellent OFF, Autan Ultrathon KIK Anti-Brumm Skin So Soft Substance DEET/DMP Bayrepel DEET/DEP DEET/DMP DEET Natural Base 3M Corp. Reckitt & Coleman Heropic, Neocid pyrethroids Shell Shelltox pyrethroids Vogt AVON E. 1. 4 Competitive Advantages / Disadvantages Advantages: The products of Fulltec have enormous advantages of being based on substances well tolerated by human and environment. They do contain neither the toxic DEET nor any other harmful substances. Moreover the products show high efficacy – comparable or higher to the synthetic products and significantly higher than essential oils. Initial success, especially due to above factors, is clearly visible on already covered markets. Disadvantages: The products themselves do not have any apparent disadvantages. As the market position of the competitors is fairly dominant so far, a successful market entry of small companies like Fulltec is not easy. However, the massive advantages of Fulltec products cited above as well as an experienced management will help Fulltec to overcome such hurdles. E. 1. 5 Competitive Strategies The constantly increasing demand for natural products may tempt competitors into imitating Fulltec's substances. However the patents as well as the product know-how speak against such strategies. A substitution of the Fulltec formula by another, equally effective natural substance, is not discernible so far. After all, some competitor might be tempted into trying a takeover of Fulltec AG. The current shareholder structure though represents an insurmountable barrier at least for unfriendly and unwelcome takeover attempts. In any case the interests of the shareholders will be of major importance. F F. 1 Marketing Market Coverage 14 F. 1. 1 Distribution / Sales Distribution is effected through sales partners with a high market presence in the respective market segments. This strategy will be continued, as it allows a relatively rapid penetration of the markets. In addition, it allows using more than one distributor in a single market with the different Actives and slightly modified formulas in different structured market segments. This strategy also allows opening up the various distribution channels in a given market (Specialized Trade, Retail Trade, Mail-order Business Partners, etc. . However it is possible that some distributors are in direct competition with others selling a different form and Active Ingredient of the same basic product. For products or product groups which are not part of first priority marketing plans, strategic alliances with companies firmly entrenched in those market segments are planned. F. 1. 2 Communication Communication will be expanded to new partners to develop new markets and activities of business. Further it will be necessary to perfect and extend information. The end users will be more clearly informed about both, the negative effects of the competitive products, and of course about the advantages of the Fulltec products. This strategy will lead to accelerated substitution of the traditional synthetic products by natural Fulltec products. For this purpose, various media, like Internet TV and radio advertisement appear predestined. F. 2 Product and Marketing Design Currently Fulltec does not sell any products under its own name. The distributor or sales agent can individually choose a brand name of his own. F. 2. 1 Product Line The product line of Fulltec is described in detail earlier in this report. All products are available either as bulk ready to use, as concentrate (container, barrel) or already packaged as lotion, spray, etc. Future Years In the following years Fulltec expects continuous gain of overall market share. This should lead to a sustainable growth in revenues of at least 40 -60% per year. It will be looked for further sales partners in Europe as well as in the USA, Asia, Africa and South America, mainly for the Repellent, the Insecticide and the Anti-Lice Product line. G Production / Procurement/ Ecology / Location / R & D Patented Production Processes – Ample unused Production Capacity – No specific Dependence on Suppliers of Raw Materials – Environment-friendly Production – Good Location – R & D Emphasis – Refine existing Products – Develop further Applications G. 1 Production All sold products are produced under control of Fulltec by indep endent contractors. The production processes mainly consist of the manufacturing of Active Substances by physical 15 conversion of natural substances into efficient derivates and mixing various substances according to proprietary and secret processes and formulas. Consequently only a relatively small number of equipment and technical installations are needed. To get to the finished products, automatic filling and packing machines are used. The production process itself is high technology, although just common lab equipment (including gas chromatography and thin layer chromatography) is necessary. As the production process is highly automated, labor costs are kept low, too. Fulltec has the option to build up its own production facility or seek external contractors for tasks like mixing, filling and packaging. However at the moment such a construction step is not planned. G. 2 Procurement All ingredients and raw materials needed for the production are easily available. Suppliers are mainly big companies, competing against each other price-wise as some of the raw materials used are also traded on the commodity markets. The prices for the raw materials used do not fluctuate widely. Therefore no problems regarding the supply side are foreseeable, which should guarantee an ongoing smooth production process. G. 3 Ecology G. 3. 1 Legal Compliance All relevant laws and orders of Switzerland and the EC are strictly followed by Fulltec. However it is important to note that Fulltec does not fall under the order on ecological tolerance (Umweltvertraglichkeitsprufung) or the Storfallverordnung). For all products, safety data sheets are available, as requested by the regarding directives, e. g. Stoffverordnung (order on materials used). G. 3. 2 Raw Materials The main components of the products consist of natural raw materials. Apart from water, mainly non-toxic and well biodegradable substances are used. Some other ingredients of very low toxicity (all within Swiss poison class 4 or 5 or not classified) are just used as additives in very low quantities. All raw materials are well biodegradable. G. 4 Location Fulltec AG is located in Zug, Switzerland. Infrastructure: Currently production is done by contractors which are capable of increasing volumes significantly without causing any problems. The (rented) offices are fairly new, and adequate for Fulltec's sales activities. As most of the clients are located in different foreign countries and transport costs are low at current sales volumes, this point is of no major importance at the moment. At a later stage though, when sales continue increasing at estimated rates, other (outsourced) production facilities within major client regions or countries will be installed. The generally very high level of education of employees in Switzerland and countries of contractors (Austria, Germany) represents a competitive advantage. Locations are very attractive for employees. 16 Distance to clients: Education: Labor Costs: Corresponding to the high level of education, salary levels are quite high as well, at least compared to other countries. However, as the operation of Fulltec is not very labor intensive, this does not represent a major disadvantage. G. 5 Research & Development Research & Development is being conducted in laboratories in Austria. As this division caused no problems in the past, there is no plan to combine these efforts in one single place. In R, emphasis is being put on refining existing products. In addition, further potential applications for the same basic formula inherent in all Fulltec products are also developed as new Actives on natural basis. H Organization / Management Direct major efforts to the goal of achieving competitive advantages Lean Organization Management with proven capabilities Profit Sharing by Management H. 1 Organization H. 1. 1 Core Functions In the following, we comment on the core functions within Fulltec today, in the order of current importance or weighing (number of people involved, financial resources). Marketing / Sales: This part definitely requires the most attention in the current phase of development. New distribution and sales partners have to be located, new markets have to be developed, new products introduced, etc. Strong partners offer the best prospects in terms of the variety of products represented and of potential market penetration. Production: The production processes are very well matured. Therefore it can be outsourced to thoroughly selected partners. However Fulltec controls the whole process at any stage. Of course there will be efforts to optimize production, to use free capacities, etc. Even though good patent protection is given, the producers have to prove reliability in keeping the exact formulations secret. R: The major phase of R, the development of the formulations and the final products, is basically done. Therefore main R emphasis will be put into the refinement of existing products and the identification and development of additional applications. However this does not mean that no new products or product lines will be developed in the future. Procurement: As already mentioned in other sections of this business plan, the procurement of the raw materials does not pose any problems, neither in terms of availability nor in terms of price. Increased sales volume in future will even lead to better purchase conditions. Service: Sales advice and support is of major importance for every production company. However, regarding the specific construction of the company, service does not play a major role in the case of Fulltec, as the products do not require any kind of maintenance, repairs, or other frequent advice. Speed and accuracy of delivery on the other hand is of paramount importance. 17

Social Structure Definition and Overview in Sociology

Social structure is the organized set of social institutions and patterns of institutionalized relationships that together compose society. Social structure is both a product of social interaction and directly determines it. Social structures are not immediately visible to the untrained observer, however, they are always present and affect all dimensions of human experience in society.​ It is helpful to think about social structure as operating on three levels within a given society: the macro, meso, and micro levels. Social Structure: The Macro Level of Society When sociologists use the term social structure they are typically referring to macro-level social forces including social institutions and patterns of institutionalized relationships. The major social institutions recognized by sociologists include family, religion, education, media, law, politics, and economy. These are understood as distinct institutions that are interrelated and interdependent and together help compose the overarching social structure of a society. These institutions organize our social relationships to others and create patterns of social relations when viewed on a large scale. For example, the institution of family organizes people into distinct social relationships and roles, including mother, father, son, daughter, husband, wife, etc., and there is typically a hierarchy to these relationships, which results in a power differential. The same goes for religion, education, law, and politics. These social facts may be less obvious within the institutions of media and economy, but they are present there too. Within these, there are organizations and people who hold greater amounts of power than others to determine what happens within them, and as such, they hold more power in society. The actions of these people and their organizations behave as structuring forces in the lives of all of us. The organization and operation of these social institutions in a given society result in other aspects of social structure, including socio-economic stratification, which is not just a product of a class system but is also determined by systemic racism and sexism, as well as other forms of bias and discrimination. The social structure of the U.S. results in a sharply stratified society in which very few people control wealth and power — and they have historically tended to be white and male — while the majority has very little of either. Given that racism is embedded in core social institutions like education, law, and politics, our social structure also results in a systemically racist society. The same can be said for the problem of gender bias and sexism. Social Networks: The Meso Level Manifestation of Social Structure Sociologists see social structure present at the meso level — between the macro and the micro levels — in the social networks that are organized by the social institutions and institutionalized social relationships described above. For example, systemic racism fosters segregation within U.S. society, which results in some racially homogenous networks. The majority of white people in the U.S. today have entirely white social networks. Our social networks are also a manifestation of social stratification, whereby social relations between people are structured by class differences, differences in educational attainment, and differences in levels of wealth. In turn, social networks act as structuring forces by shaping the kinds of opportunities that may or may not be available to us, and by fostering particular behavioral and interactional norms that work to determine our life course and outcomes. Social Interaction: Social Structure at the Micro Level of Everyday Life Social structure manifests at the micro level in the everyday interactions we have with each other in the forms of norms and customs. We can see it present in the way patterned institutionalized relationships shape our interactions within certain institutions like family and education, and it is present in the way institutionalized ideas about race, gender, and sexuality shape what we expect from others, how we expect to be seen by them, and how we interact together. Conclusion In conclusion, social structure is composed of social institutions and patterns of institutionalized relationships, but we also understand it as present in the social networks that connect us, and in the interactions that fill our everyday lives. Updated by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.