Written - 1014 Words

Nucleic Acid Hybridization Nucleic acid hybridization is a general method in determining the sequence of homologous DNA, it is also used to differentiate order of genes in a haploid set of chromosomes of a particular organism and the size of limitation fragments that contain such sequence. Meaning, it is possible to study the genetic differences between different organisms and individual here on Earth. A nucleic Acid Hybridization analysis uses five laboratory skills the Restriction fragment preparation: where a restriction enzyme is added to a DNA sample, Electrophoresis: separate the restriction fragment from DNA sample, Blotting: single strands are transferred onto special paper or nylon membranes through capillary action, Radioactive†¦show more content†¦Plasmid C has some similarity from plasmid A but the similar sequences are found on the different size in the fragments. The autoradiograph gives us more information than the agarose gel or its own. In Vitro Mutagenesis In vitro mutagenesis a technique used to introduce specific changes into the sequence of a cloned gene. Mutations alter function of protein product. Mutated gene turned to the host cell, is possible to determine function of the missing normal protein by examining what changes occur in the cell. Methods of In Vitro Mutagenesis: 1. After cloning, the double-stranded plasmid is denatured to obtain a single-stranded DNA template that includes the wild-type version of the DNA of interest. 2. A mutagenic primer is allowed to base-pair with the single-stranded template. The primer consists of two regions that are complementary to template regions on either side of a mismatched region – a region where the base sequence of the mutagenic primer is not complementary and will not pair with the base sequence in the template DNA. 3. Addition of DNA polymerase elongates the primer strand to produce a double-stranded plasmid, one strand representing the original genetic information and the other strand representing the new mutant DNA. 4. The vectors (plasmids) are then used to transform bacterial cells, which replicate both strands of the plasmid. When such a transformed cell first divides,Show MoreRelatedWritten Mode- English Language1518 Words   |  7 PagesUrban Environments Written Mode Introduction Communication is a tool with which we exercise our influence on others, bring out changes in our and others’ attitudes, motivate the people around us and establish and maintain relationships with them. Communication forms a major part of our life and is a social activity. This social activity is pursued verbally through speech, reading and writing or non-verbally through body language. The focus of this report will be mainly on written side of communicationRead MoreWritten and Spoken English Language Essay726 Words   |  3 PagesWritten and Spoken English Language The English language consists both of written and spoken features. Until recently, items and structures most typically found in spoken language have not been fully described. Most grammars of English have had a bias towards the written language. They are many differences between spoken and written English. Text A and B show written and spoken versions of an account of a days activities. Text A is a written account of these activities, while Text B is aRead MoreThe Features of Written Language and Speech Essay604 Words   |  3 PagesThe Features of Written Language and Speech In English language there are two different ways of actually presenting language. These are written language and speech. These two factors of speech both include many different features between themselves. These features are mostly opposite to each other as they are completely different ways of presenting language. Written language is structured into paragraphs unlike general speech which is hardly thought about before beingRead More The poem Carrickfergus was written by an Irish writer called Louis700 Words   |  3 PagesThe poem Carrickfergus was written by an Irish writer called Louis MacNeice in The 20th Century. The poem Carrickfergus was written by an Irish writer called Louis MacNeice in The 20th Century. It was written in four line stanzas and now I am going to analyse this poem and talk about each stanza. In the first line of the first stanza, we notice that the child Louis MacNeice is using specific detail in his poem as he says he was born in Belfast between the mountain and the gantries.Read MoreMulti-Modal Essay1030 Words   |  5 Pagesuse such as :) for a smile. The message is then carried on by the next participant replying as â€Å"not really†¦x†. There is a use of an ellipsis, and it could be used to signify the meaning that the message is continuous even though there is nothing written after it. The same participant also states â€Å"dunno tbh but somethings up with my stomach/ribs :/ idk I didnt know ya liked her.......†. She uses initialism to shorten the time to type this message. She also uses contractions as well to shorten theRead MoreThe Process Of Learning For Read Can Be Difficult For Young Children1096 Words   |  5 Pagestheir vocabulary and understanding of words, at a relevant level with the support and guidance of the educator. Many children are fortunate enough to be surrounded by print and written language from a very young age. When exposed to signs, posters, books and even imitation writing, children are developing the concept that written words have a meaning, just like spoken words do (Tompkins, Campbell Green, 2012, p. 104). Parents and teachers alike have enormous opportunities to expose children to conceptsRead More Flannery O’Connor’s Short Story A Good Man is Hard to Find Essay examples1021 Words   |  5 Pagesevery true Southern woman. She related stories of old mansions and of the little ‘pickaninny’ by a door. This was not a racial comment because for it to be there would have to be an intent to insult an African American and there was not. This was written to further convey the notion of her embodying all the true characteristics of Southern women, including their adherence to devout Christianity. The Misfit exemplifies the cold, contemporary world. In the conversation The Misfit’s declares aboutRead MoreThe Necklace Short Story1468 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The necklace† was written in French and published in a French newspaper in 1884. Maupassant wrote the short story about a young married women, who is a fantasist, certain that she should be living a complete different lifestyle. Regardless of the period it was written, portrays Matilde as being a jealous egotist who lives her life through self-delusion and self-pity which are all timeless and universal themes. The presentation of women is very particular, if you weren’t a rich women you wouldn’tRead MoreThe Mystery Of The Myth925 Words   |  4 Pagesas it was years ago it still has left its mark on history. Many countries like to borrow, Japan is one of those that like to borrow a lot. Japan is a country that like’s to borrow many things and language is one of them. First Japan had their own written language â€Å"hiragana†, but then they decided to completely adapt a new one from the very successful Tang Dynasty. Japan created a new writing system called â€Å"kanji† even though they had their own. In more contemporary time Japanese is still continuingRead MoreThe Importance Of Reading And Writing For Writing893 Words   |  4 Pagesreading and writing every day. In this essay I will explain why I believe that literature is important. I will give personal examples about why I think that reading and writing are important. We have used written language from the beginning of time. Our ancestors from a long time ago left us written records, symbolism, and pictures to tell us a story about their lives. A lot of these languages I personally cannot read but they are just as important as our language is now. If they did not leave these

Alzheimers Disease Essay - 2414 Words

Alzheimers Disease Alzheimer’s disease is the disease of the century. This disease is affecting many lives, families, and caregivers. This research presented is to help educate on the topic of Alzheimer’s disease, which many people aren’t aware enough about. Statistics are given to show how extreme this disease is, and how many people it’s affecting in society. Also statistics are presented that give the amount of money being spent relating to Alzheimer’s disease. This research explains the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of the disease. Also giving advice and strategies to help caregivers manage and support their loved one if they are struck with this disease. Not much is known for sure on what causes this disease, so†¦show more content†¦Essentially, Alzheimer’s causes the computer of the brain to go down, and the whole of life becomes gradually disarrayed (Gray-Davidson, 1996). The American Psychiatric Association’s definition of Alzheimer’s disease contained in the diagnostic manual DSM-IV, is as follows: The essential feature of the presence of Dementia of insidious onset and gradual progressive course for which all other specific causes have been excluded by the history, physical examination, and laboratory tests. The Dementia involves a multifaceted loss of intellectual abilities, such as memory, judgement, abstract thought, and other higher cortical functions, and changes in personality and behavior (Gray-Davidson, 1996). Alzheimer’s is a disease of the brain that causes a steady decline in memory. This results in dementia, loss of intellectual functions such as thinking, remembering, and reasoning, severe enough to interfere with everyday life (Gwyther, 2000). As with all dementia’s, the rate of progression in Alzheimer’s patients varies from case to case. From the onset of symptoms, the life span of an Alzheimer’s victim can range anywhere from 3 to 20 or more years. The disease eventually leaves its victims unable to care for themselves. While a definitive diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease is possible only through the examination of brain tissue, which is usually done at autopsy, it is important for a person suffering fromShow MoreRelatedAlzheimers Disease945 Words   |  4 PagesAlzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer’s Disease is a progressive neurological disease; it often attacks the brain tissues causing memory loss of one’s identity and regular behaviors. Statistics indicates that the rate of predicted people to get Alzheimer’s will increase briskly as time goes on. There are currently no cures for such disastrous disease, but there are currently approved treatments available that can help people within the early stages of Alzheimer’s. Once the disease is too far alongRead MoreAlzheimers Disease3170 Words   |  13 PagesThe Role of Caregiving to Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease Megan Zann April 27, 2012 Health Psychology Dr. Ackerman Introduction It is normal to periodically forget your keys or a homework assignment, because you generally remember these things later. However, individuals who suffer from Alzheimer’s disease may forget things more often, but they do not remember them again. The incidence of Alzheimer’s disease has dramatically increased because people are living longer. This is a result ofRead MoreEssay on Alzheimers Disease1503 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Alzheimer’s disease is a form of dementia that gets worse over time. It leads to nerve cell death, and tissue loss throughout the brain. Over time, the brain shrinks dramatically, affecting nearly all its functions. It gradually destroys a persons memory and ability to learn and carry out daily activities such as talking, eating, and going to the bathroom† (What Is Alzheimer’s). Early symptoms include personality changes, memory impairment, problems with language, decision-making ability, judgmentRead MoreAlzheimer†™s Disease Essay2544 Words   |  11 PagesAlzheimer’s disease defined: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive, terminal, degenerative brain disease. It is the fourth leading cause of death in adults and currently affects over four million people in the United States. This number is expected to increase over the next several years as the baby boomers age, until it reaches fourteen million by the year 2025. Alzheimer disease generally occurs in people over seventy five years of age; however it does strike people in their forties, fiftiesRead MoreEssay on Alzheimers Disease2405 Words   |  10 PagesAlzheimers Disease is a condition that affects 50% of the population over the age of eighty five, which equals four million Americans each year. It is becoming an important and high-profile issue in todays society for everyone. There are rapid advancements being made in the fight against this disease now more than ever, and the purpose of this essay is to educate the public on the background as well as the new discoveries. There are many new drugs that are being tested and studied every day whichRead MoreEssay on Alzheimers Disease813 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Topic: Alzheimer’s Disease Specific Purpose: To help my audience understand what Alzheimer’s Disease is. Thesis Statement: The need to educate people on Alzheimer’s Disease for family members or friends in-case a loved one is diagnosed. Introduction: A. What would one do if their family member or friend knew of someone who was diagnosed with Alzheimer’s Disease? What would they do to help or take care of this family member? Well, I work in a nursing home with the elderly with this diseaseRead MoreAlzheimers Disease Essay2168 Words   |  9 PagesAlzheimer’s disease or AD is an incurable disorder of the brain that results in loss of normal brain structure and function. In an AD brain, normal brain tissue is slowly replaced by structures called plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. The plaques represent a naturally occurring sticky protein called beta amyloid and in an Alzheimer’s brain, sufferer’s tend to accumulate too much of this protein. Neurofibrillary tangles represent collapsed tau proteins which, in a normal brain along with microtubulesRead MoreEssay on Alzheimers Disease 512 Words   |  3 Pagesmajor medical advancements like the world has never seen before, some diseases still continue t o plague the human race and confuse even some of the brightest scientists today. Unfortunately, Alzheimer Disease (AD) is one of them and it affects between 2.4 and 4.5 million people in America. Alzheimer’s is usually diagnosed in people over the age of 65, but in rarer cases people as young as 16 have it. Since it is a degenerative disease, patients develop it with few symptoms at an earlier stage, but thenRead More Alzheimer’s Disease Essay1176 Words   |  5 PagesAlzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer’s Disease is a disease of the future. With the growing aged population, this disease, which affects primarily the elderly, will become of increasing relevance to the medical profession. Also, the high frequency of Alzheimer’s, and the high cost in labor, money, and material of caring for its victims shall put considerable burden on the society as a whole. Here, however, these issues are not going to be debated. Instead the pathology of Alzheimer’s will be reviewedRead More Alzheimers Disease Essay1235 Words   |  5 PagesAlzheimer’s Disease is an irreversible, genetically linked illness. This disease was chosen for the topic of this essay under the consideration that in many families the illness can be incredibly tragic, passing down for generations without mercy. It is not rare to encounter families in which each member is afflicted with a form, mild or severe, of Alzheimer’s. The disease is a progressive brain disease which comes in t wo separate types: Early-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease and Late-Onset Alzheimer’s

Cape Verde Macro-Economic Analysis Free Essays

string(67) " costs of goods in 2007 was 15 percent higher than it was in 2000\." Cape Verde| â€Å"Most Improved Country†| Introduction Cape Verde is a small country that spans ten islands and is 570 kilometers off the coast of Western Africa. There is very little rainfall per year and the land on most of the islands are of volcanic origin. On several of the islands the land is fairly flat, sandy and dry, whereas the rest of the islands are covered in rocky land. We will write a custom essay sample on Cape Verde Macro-Economic Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now It, therefore, lacks in natural resources and has experienced severe droughts. Agriculture is made difficult by lack of rain and is restricted to only four islands for most of the year. It is ironic that the country is called â€Å"Verde† meaning â€Å"Green,† even though most of the land is not green. Due to the scarcity of agriculture, most of the nation’s GDP comes from the service industry; more specifically tourism, light manufacturing industries, and fisheries. Cape Verde’s economy has been steadily growing since the late 1990s, and it is now officially considered a country of average development. Through an economic analysis of Cape Verde, we will see the connections between its economy, society, and government. The analysis will recognize not only the flaws and struggles of the country, but will pose possible solutions to its problems. Government: Past and Present Learning about a country’s government is essential to figuring out their economic details. Uninhabited on their discovery in 1456, the Cape Verde islands became part of the Portuguese empire in 1495. Portuguese people began establishing settlements throughout the islands, especially along the ports. They were still governed by the Portuguese government and abided by all the same laws; however, the Portuguese government did not have much involvement with the settlements. Therefore, without strong sustainable investment from the homeland’s government the people grew increasingly discontent with them. However, the Portuguese continued to refuse to provide the local authorities with more autonomy, or self-governing. This discontent aggravated and culminated in 1956, when a movement led by Amilcar Cabral laid the stepping stones for independence for Cape Verde. Cabral and a group of fellow Cape Verdeans and Guineans organized the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC), which demanded improvement in economic, social and political conditions in Cape Verde and Portuguese Guinea. The PAIGC began forming armed rebellions against the Portuguese government in Guinea, but were more passive in Cape Verde. In 1974, following the coup in Portugal, after which Portugal began abandoning its colonial empire, the islands were granted a transitional government comprising of Cape Verdeans and Portuguese officials. Eventually, the Cape Verdeans elected a national assembly which drafted a declaration of independence on July 5, 1975. Their government became known as the African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde, or the PAICV. Until 1990, the PAICV ruled Cape Verde as a one party democratic system; however, opposition began building up towards a multiparty government. On Jan. 13, 1991, the first multiparty elections since independence resulted in the ruling PAICV losing its majority to the new Movement for Democracy Party (MPD). This was a major event in Cape Verde’s history because it sealed their intentions to become a self-reliant country. The only problem now was how could they stabilize their economy? GDP: A Breakdown What is Gross Domestic Product (GDP)? GDP is defined as the overall goods and services produced within a country’s boarders during a given year. The GDP of a country is an important piece of data which measures the size of the economy of a country. To calculate GDP, you add the amount of money spent on consumption, investments, government expenditures, exports, and imports. Once you find out what the GDP is, you can change it into dollars by using purchasing power parity (PPP) or exchange rates and then you can find out the growth rate and GDP per capita. Cape Verde’s economy is relatively small compared to the rest of the world. Their economy has always primarily been a service economy, meaning that most of their income and GDP is from services rather than agriculture or industrials. Cape Verde is consistently in the bottom half of the GDP spectrum. It is pretty obvious how underdeveloped their economy truly is when comparing it to that of countries with similar size and geography. For example, Senegal, Cape Verde’s eastern neighbor, also is primarily a service economy. Their economy, however, is much stronger than Cape Verde’s. Senegal has a Purchasing Power Parity of $23. 86 billion, which is almost 23 times the size of Cape Verde’s! The magnitude of this difference is probably due to the fact that Senegal has a bigger population and geographic size. A positive sign for Cape Verde over Senegal is that its GDP real growth rate is 4. 5% as opposed to Senegal’s 3. 9%. This shows that Cape Verde’s economy is slowly improving as inflation rises. GDP (2010)| Amount (in US $)| World Rank| GDP (PPP)| $1. 861 billion| 186th | GDP official exchange rate| $1. 573 billion| 162nd | GDP per capita| $3,700| 160th | GDP real growth rate| 4. 5%| 71st | Is Cape Verde Growing? When figuring out the growth of Cape Verde, the Consumer Price Index (CPI) helps determine the rate of inflation. The CPI is a measure of the overall goods and services bought by a typical consumer. It is the primary method to monitor the changes in the cost of living over time. To calculate the CPI you compare a basket of goods’ prices to a certain base year, where the prices are set as $100. The inflation rate is based on the increases or decreases in price of the basket of goods. In other words, you take the current price and subtract the previous price and then divide the whole equation by the previous price. If you multiply that by 100, you get the rate of inflation. I have chosen to compare three countries’ CPI to show how Cape Verde’s economy has grown over the past decade. As seen in the chart below, the costs of goods in 2007 was 15 percent higher than it was in 2000. You read "Cape Verde Macro-Economic Analysis" in category "Papers" The CPI increase reflects the high inflation that occurred over this time period. By using the CPI, you also can see that Cape Verde and Senegal were equally susceptible to inflation in comparison to the larger, more economically stable United States. When relating back to GDP, these numbers make sense, due to the fact that the growth of the U. S. is significantly greater than these countries. Country| 2000 Prices (US$)| 2005 Prices (US$)| 2007 Prices (US$)| Cape Verde| $95| $100| $110| Senegal| $93| $100| $108| United States| $88| $100| $106| | | | | In the graph below, notice the relation between the growth rate and the inflation rate. Over the past decade, GDP growth has pretty constantly exceeded inflation, excluding 2008. This implies a positive real GDP growth rate. Therefore, the GDP of Cape Verde represents positive growth, and when you take inflation into account, the economy is growing at a positive rate. The reason the inflation rate outgrew the GDP growth rate in 2008 was because the World Trade Organization approved a deal that would see Cape Verde become part of the WTO. This brought their inflation rate up above their growth rate because Cape Verde had to abide by the regulations set by the WTO. However, this was not necessarily a bad thing because it strengthened a multilateral trading system for Cape Verde and allowed them to continue to integrate into the world’s economy. How Do They Sustain Themselves? Due to their lack of natural resources, Cape Verde has resorted to heavy trade between countries. This is why their recent entry into the World Trade Organization has been so pivotal. The graph below shows a breakdown of the GDP of Cape Verde by sector. As previously mentioned, the economy of Cape Verde is mostly made up of services. The services include: commerce, transport, and public services. Recently, the government has primarily focused on the development of tourism and fisheries. They hope to take advantage of their geographic location by luring tourists in to their exotic resorts. Also, due to the fact that they are an island country off the coast of Africa, they can capitalize on the development of their fisheries. Cape Verde’s agriculture is made difficult by the lack of rainfall during the year and only four of the ten islands are fertile. Therefore, they have to resort to importing most of their food. About 82% of food is imported into Cape Verde annually, causing them to run a high trade deficit. This means that they have to receive a heavy amount of foreign aid in order to sustain themselves. The industry part of Cape Verde’s economy mostly consists of refining minerals such as clay and salt. The other industrial part of Cape Verde is made up of shoes and garments. Even though the industrial sector does not play a major role in the GDP of Cape Verde, it still supplies jobs for the citizens of the country. Are Too Many People Unemployed? Labor is an essential factor of a country’s economy. In order for an economy to be sustainable, it has to have enough people that are able to work and produce GDP for the country. To determine the participation of the labor force of a country, you must figure out how many people in the labor force are employed and unemployed. Simply put, the labor force participation rate is number employed plus unemployed divided by the total adult population. To calculate the unemployment rate, you take the total number unemployed and divide it by the labor force. In other words, the unemployment rate tells us how much of the labor force is being utilized. In 2000, Cape Verde had an unemployment rate of 21%, with a total of 155,981 people in the labor force. The unemployment rate is pretty poor compared to the rest of the world; however, considering that it is a developing country, there is a lot of room to improve. Another interesting data point is that in the same year 2000, 30% of the population was below the poverty line. This begs the general question: is there a connection between the unemployment rate and the percentage of people in poverty? In my opinion, there is a correlation between the two. I believe that in poor economic times, or in the case of Cape Verde poor economic strength, people feel down on their luck and are less inclined to work. For example, prior to 2000, Cape Verde was heavily reliant on foreign investments, stunting GDP growth and creating an unstable economy. People became reliant on foreign aid rather than finding jobs to support themselves. However, in 2001, there was a new President, Pedro Pires, who primarily focused on bringing up the economic status of Cape Verde. He looked to capitalize on the strengths of the country, such as its touristic appeal and fishing capacity. This gave people a positive outlook for the future of their economy and they began searching for jobs. The GDP of Cape Verde began increasing while the unemployment rate steadily decreased. As the unemployment rate went down so did the poverty levels. According to the United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals, Cape Verde is â€Å"on track to halving its 1990 poverty level. † This shows that when economic growth is stimulated, people begin finding jobs and the poverty levels decrease. Conclusion Throughout my research, I have seen a positive trend for Cape Verde’s economic growth. For such a small country and the amount of time it has been independent, Cape Verde has been through a lot, both economically and politically. Both the politics and economics of Cape Verde have played influential roles in the development of the country. When it first declared its independence from Portugal, Cape Verde was under a single party democracy, however, it soon became a two party system, the PAICV and MPD. Each party has had a chance to preside of the country; however, it is the current president, Pedro Pires of the PAICV party, who has lifted the country out of its economic slump. As mentioned above, Pires has changed the focus of the economy to be more self-reliant and take advantage of the country’s strengths. Under Pires’ presidency, GDP growth and inflation has steadily increased while the unemployment rate has steadily decreased. The government has had a major influence on the economy of Cape Verde and because of that, in 2008, Cape Verde officially attained the status of a â€Å"Middle Income Country,† a step up from â€Å"Least Developed Country. † However, the question must be raised: Can Cape Verde, whose economic growth is heavily based on the growing trend of tourism, continue to be carried to higher economic statuses or will the country slump back down again to where it started? As the saying goes: Only time will tell. Works Cited CIA World Factbook: https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cv. html UN Millennium Development Goals: http://www. un. org/en/mdg/summit2010/debate/21092010. shtml World Databank – WDI: http://databank. worldbank. org/ddp/home. do? Step=2id=4DisplayAggregation=NSdmxSupported=YCNO=2SET_BRANDING=YES Enterprise Surveys: http://www. enterprisesurveys. org/ExploreEconomies/? economyid=36year=2009 U. S. Department of State – Republic of Cape Verde http://www. state. gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2835. htm How to cite Cape Verde Macro-Economic Analysis, Papers

New Introduction To Supply Chain Management - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the New Introduction To Supply Chain Management. Answer: Intermodal Transport Company Intermodal transportation involves joining of several modes of transportation to form a chain which helps in delivering goods efficiently and effectively. These help in reducing the cost of transportation and also allow movement of large quantities of goods. In this form of transportation, there are transfers in between the modes being used in that road transport can be used from one place to the other and then from there a different mode is used. Intermodal terminals are of thee types each having its own location and materials requirements, they are port terminals, rail terminals, and distribution centers. Port terminals are substantial when dealing with traffic, space consumption and financial requirements. Has container sea terminal which links maritime and inland systems. Due to increase in distance of the maritime containers, the intermediate center terminal has been born to help transfer containers from one network to the other; it also acts as a barrier as containers wait to be put to the other ship. Rail terminal is joined with port terminals at the beginning of the inland Distribution centers are terminals which do extra functions to the freight. Performs three duties: - Its a trans-loading facility as it transfers items in the maritime containers to trucks or local containers -it does cross-docking at retail supply chain segment -warehousing where items/containers are kept within the supply chains. What makes it different from multimodal transportation is that intermodal involve movement of cargo from one origin to a destination by use of many modes of transport whereby each mode has its own carrier with own independent contract, whereas multimodal is the movement of cargo from an origin to a destination using several modes of transport and that each has its own different carrier but with single contract. Intermodal transportation is largely used because the road transportation has been congested and their rates are expensive and competitive, hence the operators are forced to the jungle to survive, road transport favors transport of most perishable goods, counter the problems of truck breakdown. Other benefits of using intermodal transportation are decreased emissions of carbon when the rail is used compared to trucks, has to lead to improvement in safety and security as the use of Rail is safer than truck service, decreased congestion in the highway because over 200 trucks are reduced to one train. Martens, et.al ( 2012). The advantages of multimodal transportation are: tracking can be easily done as monitoring is done with one carrier from door-to-door, you can be able to access remote areas while carrying the cargo with one transport carrier, delivery time is well-organized, and it has the minimal coordination of the logistics. Intermodal transportation from early days to the current era uses container according to Bektas and Crainic (2007) includes: -Early container which some were wooden -Containerization which is steel made containers -Containers and container handling which is mainly used when using a ship as a mode of transport - Load securing in intermodal containers -Container ships used to carry containers by sea -Railways where containers are put on container well cars -Trucks can be used to transport cargo within the terminal or for deliveries to the customers. -Barges -Land bridges which are used in intermodal transportation to align containerized ocean cargo which is being transported across a large body of land. -Planes which are bigger carry cargo in the containers - The pipeline is used in intermodal transportation as it is suitable for carrying gas and liquids. They are damaging to the environment, cannot be stolen since they are put underground and cannot be noticed easily, more economical, safe, convenient and reliable mode of transportation. Liquid fertilizers, liquidified natural gas, and carbon dioxide can also be carried by use of pipelines. Despite your choice of transportation, shippers need transportation management systems to allow easy tracking during the deliveries, to enable them to do an analysis to determine the best shipping cost with the best routing transit time. Transportation management systems can coordinate well with other carriers and suppliers. Meixell and Norbis ( 2008) Currently focus is on the policies that suit motorization and does not consider the essential elements of sustainability, but more focus on sustainable transportation should be looked into, one that covers intermodal transport for both passengers and cargo. This is achieved by overcoming problems faced in the industry and putting incorrect policies and decision-making systems with general participation from everyone. Qube is one of the largest logistics company in Australia which embraces intermodal transportation and offers import and export services to clients. Its growth has been aided by its highly skilled and experienced management team with dedicated, skilled workforce. Has a large site which is able to accommodate two terminals as it includes import-export terminal joining container station. NSW will form the biggest intermodal freight division in Australia. Logistics management theories Slack (2008) Supply chain and general systems In this theory, the assessment of existing and representative systems shows no advancement in technology yet, and therefore measures in the general theory should be adopted to aid development in the industry. This theory states that the larger the developed system, the more the resources required to maintain it. Therefore when a company makes a plan to improve their logistic system, they should consider the cost implications. General supply chain model It shows that there is no defined chain model as the existing supply chain deals with one aspect, organization measures, Technology and individual conditions. Other theories and practice of supply chain management- In this theory, much improvement of systems is shown. Organizational buying behavior Deals with management of procurement procedures. Decisions made differ in terms of the level of risk imposed to the organization and the decisions are influenced by environmental factors like suppliers, competitors. Its affected by organizational factors like the buying organizations size, structure, and finally, its affected also by buy-classes like product type, the complexity of purchase. Halldorsson, et.al (2007) Contracting of economics(agency theory) This involves a situation where the principal delegates the work of delivering some activities to an agent and he ensures that the work delegated is done as per the standards put and his interests. This relationship can also be seen when a buyer engages a seller to deliver some products or services to them. The theory only bases on getting to know how efficient result is achieved other than knowing how the relationship buyer and seller should be. Network and inter-organizational relationships Deals with supplier management relationship, supply advancement and improvement of performance. Focuses on different theories as stated by Janvier-James (2012): Relational contract theory- this states that exchange transactions work in a social matrix and follow relational patterns. Resource dependency theory- focuses on the idea of power relations in the supply chains. Social exchange theory- involves networking in the business Integrated supply chain management Deals with operational delivery procedures and answer questions about monitoring and management of supplier relationship. It begins work from logistics, management of materials and operations management. Has game theory and systems theory. Game theory states that many economic decisions involving buyer and seller occur in step by step and their continuous interactions enable them to know each other well. Systems theory is an organization and management theory which helps in giving information on the processes within and between the organizations. It states that procedures and results of a system can be comprehended by looking at it closely and to the fullest. There are factors which affect the choice of intermodal transportation as per Meixell and Norbis (2008) over other forms are: The frequency of shipping- intermodal transport does well when cargo is to be transported continuously maintaining the quantities. The distance between the origin and destinations also determine the form of transport to use as longer distances suits intermodal form. Nature and quantity of cargo also determine the form of transport be used in that intermodal form is good for transporting in-between and finished products. Cargo value- an intermodal form of transport suits in-between cargo values. Sequence of modes being used- intermodal uses many modes which organized a chain Logistics strategies Logistics being the major function in the success of a business is facing a lot challenges in its operations, some of the challenges include: Transportation costs- the continuous rise of fuel cost has caused a great effect as it has increased wages and hike inflation rates hence increase the costs of transportation. Processing of information- managers deal with a lot of office work on a daily basis apart from managing the operations of the fleet. This can be tiresome and time-consuming to the person undertaking the duties. Manpower management- dealing with each an every personnel and their issues and work can be a hurdle. Managers, therefore, should be able to handle them and organize them and their duties hence good delivery. Dealing with segmented and customized services as operators should offer some experiences to different customers at a time hence saving time and effort. Regulations compliance- its a great challenge as rules and regulations of transport different from one region to the other and handling this in each region and also showing the personnel how to deal with them can be a hectic activity. Road safety laws have been a hinder to easier movement, the force applied to effect the laws can cause the cost of doing business to go high. The rules and regulations set by government sometimes affect logistic movement this is because of poor disagreement in funding in Australian government and this can affect transport as there will be no roads if by the time of disagreements there were no roads. Regulations governing logistics may hinder movement and especially when a company needs special transportation, there is need to get permits for the case. Advancement of technology in the world affects logistics sector too as installation can be costly. How to solve the challenges All these problems faced by the management can be solved so as to achieve the best in the business. The process of problem-solving can be step by step as follows according to Slack (2008) are: Finding out the problem and describe it objectively so as to reach a solution Find out what might be the cause of the problem which is hindering the success of the company, more research and close evaluation should be done to come with all the causes and how it has affected the companys performance Try coming up with solutions to the problem identified. All possible ways can be noted down and then analyze them to come up with an appropriate solution. Try by solving the problems part by part, not as a whole; here you can involve other stakeholders or friends to get different ideas and approaches to some problems. Decision making- this is a crucial part as it determines whether a problem will be solved or not. Apply the solution and assess its success in each problem, if after applying the solution and you find there is no change, you will have to go back to drawing board. The challenges discussed above can, therefore, be solved as follows: The transport costs problem can be solved by embracing an approach of reducing bottlenecks in the network designs. Clear information about the existing and future deliveries should be sought and find an efficient way of handling them. Automation application should be applied to help in reducing the workload of the enormous amount of information being processed daily. Software to offer an automatic solution to the extrapolative process of offering services to different customers should be incorporated hence saving time. A delegation of responsibilities through appointing managers at key regions helps in efficient management of the working team and the management can be able to handle each personnel on the same page. Audit software can be adapted to counter the problems of regulation compliance NSW involvement NSW government has in many ways tried to engage their selves in the process of trying to solve the problems faced by transportation companies and solved where a solution is found. We shall look at how they have involved themselves in different challenges and how they have tried to solve them (Bujak and Gubskaya, 2012). Urban problems which include road changes, toll roads, and traffic congestion are some of the problems encountered by Australian freight companies. The government has developed plans to decongest the places and also ensure warehouse, where the goods are stored, are not located in the city, find alternative roads for freight trucks so as to avoid the toll roads. Regional challenges which include long distances between the origin and the destinations has been a challenge and sometimes causes drivers fatigue which can lead to accidents.NSW, therefore, developed a logistic program and the introduction of the use of trains has helped ease the challenge of distances. Sometimes there are also animals crossing the road and therefore bull bars are used to protect vehicles. Change in seasons also has an impact on transport even at times there is the unavailability of some spare parts for the trucks, snow falls affect rail and air mode of transport. During summer, perishable goods are greatly affected; NSW, therefore, recommends availability of coolers in the warehouses to counter these problems and also the health of workers should be a card for during this season. Conclusion. Transport industry faces a lot of challenges but despite that, the use of an intermodal form of transport has helped in some areas. In the near future with the advancement of technologies and other measures, freight will be delivered door-to-door as agreed by the customer and the transport company. References List Bektas, T., and Crainic, T., (2007)A brief overview of intermodal transportation. CIRRELT. Crainic, T.G., and Kim, K.H., (2007) Intermodal transportation.Handbooks in operations research and management science,14, pp.467-537. Bujak, A. and Gubskaya, N., (2012) Innovations and changes in the logistics tasks implementations.Studia Ekonomiczne/Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach, (121 Developing of transportation flows in 21st century supply chains), pp.45-58. Chapman, R.L., Hyland, P.W., Jenkins, R.J. and Sloan, T.R., (1997) Continuous improvement in Australian manufacturing firms: findings of a survey in New South Wales.International Journal of Technology Management,14(1), pp.102-115. Halldorsson, A., Kotzab, H., Mikkola, J.H. and Skjtt-Larsen, T., (2007) Complementary theories to supply chain management.Supply chain management: An international journal,12(4), pp.284-296. Janvier-James, A.M., (2012) A new introduction to supply chains and supply chain management: Definitions and theories perspective.International Business Research,5(1), p.194. Martens, K., Golub, A., and Robinson, G., (2012) A justice-theoretic approach to the distribution of transportation benefits: Implications for transportation planning practice in the United States.Transportation research part A: policy and practice,46(4), pp.684-695. Meixell, M.J., and Norbis, M., (2008) A review of the transportation mode choice and carrier selection literature.The International Journal of Logistics Management,19(2), pp.183-211. Slack, B., (2008) Intermodal transportation. InHandbook of Logistics and Supply-Chain Management(pp. 141-154). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.